BIOL 3250 Field study data

Terms and definitionsRepetition: The amount of times the study is repeated at a novel park Quadrat: The 0.5m by 0.5m tool used and number of times placed per siteLocation: The sites of the studyDate: The specific time frame of recordingPlant species: The taxonomic classification of the plant identified with in the quadrat Classification: Native or Non-native categorization assigned based on whether the plant originated in North America or not according to scientific literature Number of individuals: The number of individuals accounted for of one specific species within a quadratPopulation density: The total number of a specific plant species within a specific quadrat divided by the area of the quadrat, 0.25m2 Population density of native and non-native plant species in Toronto were taken at four different parks that were indicative of a typical Toronto park, these were Figrove Park and Topcliff Park measured on October 16th 2020 and Oakdale Park and Yorkwoods Park measured on October 17th 2020, with all data recorded in a field journal by hand. The forecasts were a temperature of about 10 ºC, mild winds and clear skies on October 16th, 2020, and a temperature of about 11 ºC, mild winds and partial clouds on October 17th 2020. First an outline of the parks was taken from google maps and divided into even boxes and assigned a number. A random number generator was used to determine 10 sites within each park that the quadrat would be placed. At the site, population density was measured by first identifying the species using the common weed species of Ontario field guide or the Newcomb’s field guide within a 0.5m by 0.5m quadrat for all 10 quadrats at each study site. Accounting for the individual species was conducted where if the species had more than 50% of its body within the quadrat, it was recorded but if it had less than 50% within the quadrat then it was excluded from recording. The population density was calculated by totalling the number of individuals within the specific quadrat it was found and dividing it by the area of the quadrat, 0.25m2. Classification of the plant species was given a native or non-native classification based on scientific literature. Cirsium arvense is classified as a non-native species according to Hodgson (Hodgson, 1968). Taraxacum officinale is classified as a non-native species as its origins are traced back to Europe according to Wirngo (Wirngo et al, 2016). Plantago major is classified as a non-native species as it is naturally found in Eurasia according to Hawthorn (Hawthorn, 1973). Malva neglecta is a non-native as its origins stems from Eurasia according to Makowski (Makowski and Morrison, 1989). Ambrosia artemisiifolia is native to North America according to Bassett (Bassett and Crompton, 1975). Digitaria spp. is a non-native species originally found in Eurasia according to Lundholm (Lundholm and Marlin, 2006). Trifolium repens is classified as a non-native species as it was originally introduced to the Americas from Europe according to Fraser (Fraser, 1989). Finally, Solidago canadensis is found natively in North America according to Yuan (Yuan et al, 2013).术语与定义： 1. 重复次数（Repetition）：指研究在全新公园中重复开展的次数； 2. 样方（Quadrat）：指尺寸为0.5m×0.5m的野外采样工具，以及每个采样点放置样方的次数； 3. 采样地点（Location）：指本研究的采样点位； 4. 采样日期（Date）：指数据记录的具体时段； 5. 植物物种（Plant species）：指在样方内鉴定出的植物的分类学归属； 6. 分类（Classification）：依据科学文献判定植物是否原产于北美洲，将其划分为本土物种或外来物种的归类规则； 7. 个体数量（Number of individuals）：指单个样方内某一特定物种的个体总数； 8. 种群密度（Population density）：指特定样方内某一植物物种的总个体数除以样方面积（0.25m²）所得的数值。 本研究针对多伦多地区本土与外来植物物种的种群密度展开调查，共选取4座具有多伦多典型公园特征的场地：菲格罗夫公园（Figrove Park）与托普克利夫公园（Topcliff Park）的采样时间为2020年10月16日，奥克代尔公园（Oakdale Park）与约克伍兹公园（Yorkwoods Park）的采样时间为2020年10月17日，所有数据均以手写形式记录于野外日志中。 2020年10月16日的预报天气为气温约10℃、微风且晴朗；2020年10月17日的预报天气为气温约11℃、微风且局部多云。 采样流程如下：首先从谷歌地图导出各公园的轮廓图，将其划分为若干均等区块并编号，随后通过随机数生成器在每座公园中选取10个采样点位。在每个点位，使用0.5m×0.5m的样方开展采样，依据《安大略省常见杂草野外指南》或《纽科姆野外指南》识别样方内的所有植物物种。个体计数遵循以下规则：若某植株超过50%的体躯位于样方范围内，则予以记录；若不足50%，则不计入统计。种群密度的计算方式为：将特定样方内某物种的总个体数除以样方面积（0.25m²）。 植物物种的本土/外来分类依据公开科学文献判定，典型物种的分类依据如下： - 加拿大蓟（Cirsium arvense）：根据霍奇森（Hodgson, 1968）的研究，被归类为外来物种； - 蒲公英（Taraxacum officinale）：根据温戈等人（Wirngo et al, 2016）的研究，其起源可追溯至欧洲，被归类为外来物种； - 大车前（Plantago major）：根据霍索恩（Hawthorn, 1973）的研究，其自然分布区域为欧亚大陆，被归类为外来物种； - 圆叶锦葵（Malva neglecta）：根据马科夫斯基与莫里森（Makowski and Morrison, 1989）的研究，其起源为欧亚大陆，被归类为外来物种； - 豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia）：根据巴塞特与克伦普顿（Bassett and Crompton, 1975）的研究，原产于北美洲； - 马唐属（Digitaria spp.）：根据伦德霍尔姆与马林（Lundholm and Marlin, 2006）的研究，原产于欧亚大陆，被归类为外来物种； - 白三叶（Trifolium repens）：根据弗雷泽（Fraser, 1989）的研究，其最初从欧洲引入美洲，被归类为外来物种； - 加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）：根据袁等人（Yuan et al, 2013）的研究，原产于北美洲。