Supplemental Tables 1-5 Formal Degree Programs in Physiology Promote Careers of Clinical Scientists and Benefit Basic Science Departments

Twenty-two year follow-up of surgical trainees pursuing bench laboratory science and PhD in Physiology in a Surgery Department within a single public medical school. The sources and resources include selection, funding, physiology classroom work, and laboratory studies with personal involvement by faculty that have seldom been recorded, especially with longer-term career outcomes. These selected Ph.D. candidates have subsequently pursued several lines of activity, many with distinguished careers and major influences upon future generations of academic surgeons.