Gold Coast Broadwater Continuous Water Quality Monitoring 2017/18

This water quality time-series dataset was collected between late August 2017 and Mid March 2018 as the primary deliverable of a the Gold Coast Triathlon Monitoring Project between Gold Coast City Council and CSIRO. Data was collected by a suite of instruments deployed onto a CSIRO-owned buoy that was moored in the Broadwater lagoon in the planned location of the Triathlon event of the 2008 Commonwealth Games. The instrument output was sampled at 10 minute intervals by a Campbell Scientific data logger and stored in logger memory. CSIRO Coastal Monitoring sensor-data service polled the logger at regular intervals to fetch the latest data for visualisation and analysis. This dataset consists of the raw data accumulated by the CSIRO Coastal Monitoring sensor data service. It is raw data, and has not been cleaned of any glitches or adjusted to allow for calibration changes.This dataset contains time series data from the following instruments: ======================================================EXO Sonde built-in data sources:------------------------------------------1.a EXO_BatV => Battery voltage for the EXO Sonde power source.1.b EXO_Depthm => Water depth in metres (m) Measured using a differential strain gauge transducer measures pressure with one side of the transducer exposed to the water and the other side exposed to a vacuum. Initially calibrated in Atmosphere: output can be affected by local barometric pressure, water density and temperature.EXO Wiped Conductivity and Temperature Sensor:----------------------------------------------------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/WipedCT2.a EXO_TempC => Water Temperature in degrees celsius. Direct measurement using a thermistor-type sensor.2.b EXO_SpCondmScm => Specific Conductance in milli-siemens per centimetre (ms/cm). Measured via a 4-electrode nickel-cell sensor, using a calibrated cell constance to convert absolute conductance to specific. Compensated to a 25 degree reference temperature.2.c EXO_Salpsu => Salinity in Practical Salinity Units (PSU) Calculated from the conductivity and temperature readings according to algorithms found in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (ed. 1989) PSU measurements are in reference to the conductivity of standard seawater at 15 °C.EXO Turbidity Smart Sensor-----------------------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599101-01/EXO-Turbidity-Smart-Sensor3.a EXO_TurbFNU => Turbidity in formazin nephelometric units (FNU) Measured by detection of scattering at 80 degrees of a near-infrared light source.3.b EXO_TurbNTU => Turbitidy in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) Calculated from the Turbidity FNU via a calibrated conversion factor.3.c EXO_TSSmgL => Total Suspended Solids in milligrams per Litre (mg/L) Calculated from the Turbidity FNU value via a calibrated conversion factor.EXO pH and OPR Smart Sensor----------------------------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599706/EXO-pH--ORP-Smart-Sensor4.a EXO_pHmV => Potential difference (in mV) across the pH sensor electrode. Measured using a glass combination electrode with a stable solution of known pH on the inside and the sample being measured on the outside.4.b EXO_pH => pH in standard pH Units where 7.0 is neutral; < 7 is acidic; > 7 is alkaline. Calculated from the pHmV measurement. 4.c EXO_ORPmV => Oxidising-Reducing Potential of the water sample in millivolts (mV) Measured using a platinum button electrode. Detects high concentrations of redox-active species including metal salts, chlorine, sulfite ions etc. Refects all dissolved species in the medium: requires site-specific information to determine which are present. EXO Optical Dissolved Oxygen Smart Sensor---------------------------------------------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599100-01/EXO-Optical-Dissolved-Oxygen-Smart-Sensor5.a EXO_DOmgL => Dissolved Oxygen in milligrams per Litre Measured using an optical luminescence sensor5.b EXO_DOPerSat => Dissolved Oxygen as % saturation. Calculated from the raw DO measurement, corrected for temperature and local barometric pressure at the time of callibration. ( local mmHg / 760 mmHg ) x 100 = %Sat EXO Total Algae PE Smart Sensor-------------------------------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599103-01/EXO-Total-Algae-PE-Smart-SensorNote: The Algal sensors have NOT been completely calibrated to local conditions.This data may be used as an estimate of comparative concentrations, but should not be relied on as a numerical value for testing against a threshold.6.a EXO_ChlRFU => Chlorophyll concentration in Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) Measured using an optical fluorescence sensor with a blue excitation beam that excites the chlorophyll molecure present in all photosynthetic cells. Calibrated relative to a stable secondary standard, such as Rhodamine WT dye.6.b EXO_ChlugL => Chlorophyll concentration in micro-grams per Litre (µg/L) Calculated estimate of chlorophyll pigment concentration. Not correlated to local conditions: use for comparison purposes only.6.c EXO_BGAPERFU => Phycoetherin Concentration in Relative Fluorescence Units Measured using an optical fluorescence sensor with an orange excitation beam that excites the phycoetherin accessory pigment found in saltwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Calibrated relative to a stable secondary standard, such as Rhodamine WT dye.6.d EXO_BGAPEugL => Phycoetherin Concentration in micro-grams per Litre (µg/L) Calculated estimate of phycoetherin pigment concentration. Not correlated to local conditions: use for comparison purposes only.EXO fDOM Sensor-----------------------Ref: https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599104-01/EXO-fDOM-Smart-Sensor7.a EXO_fDOMRFU => Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter concentration in Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) Measured using an optical fluorescence sensor which detects fluorescence associated with dissolved organic matter exposed to near-ultraviolet light. Measurement is relative to the fluorescence of quinine sulfate, which, in acid solution, fluoresces similarly to dissolved organic matter7.b EXO_fDOMQSU => Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter concentration in Quinine Sulfate Units (1 QSU => 1 part-per-billion Qunine Sulfate) Calculated from the EXO_fDOMRFU MeasurementFlow / Current Meter--------------------------Data values are the average value over the previous sample interval, unless indicated otherwise.8.a ABSSpd_Avg => Absolute current speed in meters per second (m/s)8.b NorthCur_Avg => Northward current velocity in meters per second (m/s)8.c EastCur_Avg => Eastward current velocity in meters per second (m/s)8.d Heading_Avg => Current meter heading in compass degrees8.e Direction_Avg => Current direction in compass degrees8.f AbsTilt_Avg => Absolute tilt in degrees from the horizontal8.g TiltX_Avg => Tilt in the X-plane (across the current) in degrees from the horizontal8.h TiltY_Avg => Tilt in the Y-plane (aligned with current) in degrees from the horizontal8.i MaxTilt_Avg => Maximum absolute tilt during the sample interval, in degrees from the horizontal8.j StdTilt_Avg => Standard deviation of absolute tilt during the sample interval, in degrees from the horizontal8.k SPstd_Avg8.l SigStrength_Avg8.m PingCnt_AvgGillMX10 Weather Station--------------------------------9.a Gill_Ws_Mean => Mean wind speed during the previous sample interval, in meters per second (m/s)9.b Gill_Wd_MeanUnitVector => Mean wind direction during the previous sample interval, in compass degrees9.c Gill_Wd_StdDev => Standard deviation of wind direction during the previous sample interval, in compass degrees9.d Gill_WindSpd_Max => Maximum wind speed during the previous sample interval, in meters per second (m/s)9.e Gill_Temperature_Avg => Average air temperature during the previous sample interval, in degrees Celcius9.f Gill_RH => Relative Humidity at the sample time, in %9.g Gill_Pressure => Atmospheric pressure at the sample time, in hecto-pascals (hPa)9.h Gill_Rain_mm_Tot => Cumulative rainfall during the previous sample interval (mm)9.i Gill_TotalRain_mm => Cumulative rainfall in millimetres (mm) for the 24 hours to 10 AM AEST ( => 9AM AEDT to match the BOM cutoff)9.j Gill_TotalDailyRain_mm => Cumulative rainfall in millimetres (mm) for the     24 hours to midnight AEST9.k Gill_DewPoint_Avg => Average dewpoint during the previous sample interval, in degrees Celcius9.l Gill_SRad_Avg => Average solar radiance during the previous sample interval watts per square meter9.m Gill_SunHours_Avg => Average hours of sunlight during the previous sample interval in hours9.n Gill_Latitude =>     Latitude of the weather station, in decimal degrees9.o Gill_Longitude => Longitude of the weather station, in decimal degrees9.p Gill_Time => ISO Day of the monthThe following known events may have caused shifts in sensor calibration:==========================================================Note: The CWQM buoy was used as an anchor for the SAFA instrument that was involved in collecting microbial monitoring data for a seperate deliverable of this project. Retrieving and deploying the SAFA instrument required the CWQM buoy to be tilted, which may have briefly disrupted the CWQM Sensors. CWQM Instruments were checked and cleaned during the SAFA collection trips.All times are AEST (+10:00)2017-08-03 15:00 => Initial deployment of CWQM buoy and instruments: lon=153.4139, lat=-27.95732017-10-05 08:20 => Recalibration & restart2017-10-12 22:10 => Power interruption (reason unknown)2017-11-02 12:10 => SAFA instrument removal2017-11-29 07:50 => SAFA instrument redeployed2017-12-01 12:00 => SAFA samples collected, instrument redeployed2017-12-11 15:30 => SAFA samples collected, instrument redeployed2017-12-15 19:53 => SAFA samples collected, instrument redeployed2017-12-21 13:10 => SAFA samples collected, instrument redeployed2018-01-02 16:40 => GillMX10 Weather Station Damaged (suspected lightening or hail strike)2018-01-03 11:00 => SAFA samples collected, instrument redeployed, instrument removed2018-01-08 07:30 => SAFA instrument redeployed2018-01-10 07:50 => SAFA samples collected, instrument removed. 2018-01-10 08:45 => GillMX10 Weather station replaced2018-02-01 10:30 => Cleaning and Calibration2018-02-23 08:30 => Relocate to Coast Guard Pontoon for Luke Harrop Memorial Triathlon: lon=153.4101,lat=-27.95572018-02-25 16:30 => Relocate back in position: lon=153.4139, lat=-27.95732018-03-14 09:00 => CWQM Buoy Removed

本水质时间序列数据集采集于2017年8月下旬至2018年3月中旬，是黄金海岸市议会（Gold Coast City Council）与联邦科学与工业研究组织（Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO）合作开展的黄金海岸铁人三项监测项目的核心交付成果。数据由部署于CSIRO所属浮标上的一套仪器采集，该浮标系泊于2008年英联邦运动会铁人三项赛事规划场地所在的布罗德沃特潟湖（Broadwater lagoon）中。坎贝尔科学（Campbell Scientific）数据记录器以10分钟为间隔对仪器输出数据进行采样，并存储于记录器内存中。CSIRO海岸监测传感器数据服务会定期轮询该记录器，获取最新数据用于可视化与分析。本数据集即为CSIRO海岸监测传感器数据服务累积的原始数据，未经过任何异常值清洗或校准变更调整。

本数据集包含以下仪器产出的时间序列数据：
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EXO多参数水质仪内置数据源：
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1.a EXO_BatV：EXO Sonde的电源电池电压
1.b EXO_Depthm：以米（m）为单位的水深。采用差分应变片式传感器进行测量，传感器一侧浸入水中，另一侧暴露于真空环境。初始校准以大气压为基准，输出结果可能受当地气压、水体密度与温度影响。

EXO擦拭式电导率与温度传感器：
----------------------------------------------------------------
参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/WipedCT
2.a EXO_TempC：以摄氏度（℃）为单位的水温。采用热敏电阻式传感器直接测量。
2.b EXO_SpCondmScm：以毫西门子每厘米（ms/cm）为单位的比电导率。通过四电极镍电池传感器测量，采用校准后的电极常数将绝对电导率转换为比电导率，并补偿至25℃的参考温度。
2.c EXO_Salpsu：以实用盐度单位（Practical Salinity Units, PSU）为单位的盐度。根据《水和废水检测标准方法》（1989版）中的算法，由电导率与温度读数计算得出。PSU测量值以15℃下标准海水的电导率为参照基准。

EXO浊度智能传感器：
-----------------------------------
参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599101-01/EXO-Turbidity-Smart-Sensor
3.a EXO_TurbFNU：以福尔马肼浊度单位（Formazin Nephelometric Units, FNU）为单位的浊度。通过检测近红外光源在80°方向的散射光进行测量。
3.b EXO_TurbNTU：以散射浊度单位（Nephelometric Turbidity Units, NTU）为单位的浊度。通过校准后的转换系数由EXO_TurbFNU值计算得出。
3.c EXO_TSSmgL：以毫克每升（mg/L）为单位的总悬浮固体浓度。通过校准后的转换系数由EXO_TurbFNU值计算得出。

EXO pH与氧化还原电位（ORP）智能传感器：
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参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599706/EXO-pH--ORP-Smart-Sensor
4.a EXO_pHmV：pH传感器电极两端的电位差，单位为毫伏（mV）。采用玻璃复合电极进行测量，电极内部为已知pH值的稳定溶液，外部为待测样品。
4.b EXO_pH：以标准pH单位表示的pH值，其中7.0为中性；＜7.0为酸性；＞7.0为碱性。由EXO_pHmV测量值计算得出。
4.c EXO_ORPmV：水样的氧化还原电位，单位为毫伏（mV）。采用铂环电极进行测量，可检测包括金属盐、氯、亚硫酸根离子等在内的高浓度氧化还原活性物种。该参数反映介质中所有溶解物种的状态，需结合场地特定信息判断具体存在的物种。

EXO光学溶解氧智能传感器：
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参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599100-01/EXO-Optical-Dissolved-Oxygen-Smart-Sensor
5.a EXO_DOmgL：以毫克每升（mg/L）为单位的溶解氧浓度。采用光学荧光传感器进行测量。
5.b EXO_DOPerSat：以百分比饱和度表示的溶解氧浓度。由原始溶解氧测量值计算得出，并已在校准当时针对水温与当地气压进行校正。计算公式为：(当地 mmHg / 760 mmHg) × 100 = %饱和度。

EXO总藻类藻蓝蛋白（PE）智能传感器：
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参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599103-01/EXO-Total-Algae-PE-Smart-Sensor
注意：该藻类传感器未针对当地环境完成完整校准。本数据仅可作为相对浓度的估算值，不可作为阈值测试的数值依据。
6.a EXO_ChlRFU：以相对荧光单位（Relative Fluorescence Units, RFU）为单位的叶绿素浓度。采用光学荧光传感器进行测量，该传感器通过蓝色激发光束激发所有光合细胞中存在的叶绿素分子。校准以稳定的二级标准物（如若丹明WT染料）为参照。
6.b EXO_ChlugL：以微克每升（µg/L）为单位的叶绿素浓度。为叶绿素色素浓度的估算值，未针对当地环境进行校正，仅可用于对比分析。
6.c EXO_BGAPERFU：以相对荧光单位（RFU）为单位的藻蓝蛋白浓度。采用光学荧光传感器进行测量，该传感器通过橙色激发光束激发咸水蓝藻（蓝细菌）中存在的藻蓝蛋白辅助色素。校准以稳定的二级标准物（如若丹明WT染料）为参照。
6.d EXO_BGAPEugL：以微克每升（µg/L）为单位的藻蓝蛋白浓度。为藻蓝蛋白色素浓度的估算值，未针对当地环境进行校正，仅可用于对比分析。

EXO有色溶解有机物（fDOM）传感器：
-----------------------
参考链接：https://www.ysi.com/Product/id-599104-01/EXO-fDOM-Smart-Sensor
7.a EXO_fDOMRFU：以相对荧光单位（RFU）为单位的有色溶解有机物浓度。采用光学荧光传感器进行测量，该传感器可检测暴露于近紫外光下的溶解有机物相关荧光信号。测量值以硫酸奎宁的荧光强度为参照，硫酸奎宁在酸性溶液中的荧光特性与溶解有机物相似。
7.b EXO_fDOMQSU：以奎宁硫酸盐单位（Quinine Sulfate Units, QSU）为单位的有色溶解有机物浓度（1 QSU = 1 ppb 奎宁硫酸盐）。由EXO_fDOMRFU测量值计算得出。

流速/海流计：
--------------------------
除非另有说明，数据值为前一个采样间隔内的平均值。
8.a ABSSpd_Avg：以米每秒（m/s）为单位的绝对海流速度
8.b NorthCur_Avg：以米每秒（m/s）为单位的北向海流流速
8.c EastCur_Avg：以米每秒（m/s）为单位的东向海流流速
8.d Heading_Avg：海流计的航向，单位为罗盘度数
8.e Direction_Avg：海流方向，单位为罗盘度数
8.f AbsTilt_Avg：相对于水平面的绝对倾斜角度，单位为度
8.g TiltX_Avg：X平面（垂直于海流方向）的倾斜角度，单位为度，以水平面为基准
8.h TiltY_Avg：Y平面（与海流方向对齐）的倾斜角度，单位为度，以水平面为基准
8.i MaxTilt_Avg：采样间隔内的最大绝对倾斜角度，单位为度，以水平面为基准
8.j StdTilt_Avg：采样间隔内绝对倾斜角度的标准差，单位为度
8.k SPstd_Avg
8.l SigStrength_Avg
8.m PingCnt_Avg

Gill MX10气象站：
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9.a Gill_Ws_Mean：前一个采样间隔内的平均风速，单位为米每秒（m/s）
9.b Gill_Wd_MeanUnitVector：前一个采样间隔内的平均风向，单位为罗盘度数
9.c Gill_Wd_StdDev：前一个采样间隔内风向的标准差，单位为罗盘度数
9.d Gill_WindSpd_Max：前一个采样间隔内的最大风速，单位为米每秒（m/s）
9.e Gill_Temperature_Avg：前一个采样间隔内的平均气温，单位为摄氏度（℃）
9.f Gill_RH：采样时刻的相对湿度，单位为百分比（%）
9.g Gill_Pressure：采样时刻的大气压力，单位为百帕（hPa）
9.h Gill_Rain_mm_Tot：前一个采样间隔内的累积降雨量，单位为毫米（mm）
9.i Gill_TotalRain_mm：截至澳大利亚东部标准时间（AEST）上午10点（即澳大利亚东部夏令时AEDT上午9点，与澳大利亚气象局BOM的截止时间一致）的24小时累积降雨量，单位为毫米（mm）
9.j Gill_TotalDailyRain_mm：截至澳大利亚东部标准时间（AEST）午夜的24小时累积降雨量，单位为毫米（mm）
9.k Gill_DewPoint_Avg：前一个采样间隔内的平均露点温度，单位为摄氏度（℃）
9.l Gill_SRad_Avg：前一个采样间隔内的平均太阳辐射强度，单位为瓦每平方米（W/m²）
9.m Gill_SunHours_Avg：前一个采样间隔内的平均日照时长，单位为小时
9.n Gill_Latitude：气象站的纬度，单位为十进制度数
9.o Gill_Longitude：气象站的经度，单位为十进制度数
9.p Gill_Time：ISO标准格式的时间戳

==========================================================
注意：本项目的CWQM浮标曾被用作SAFA仪器的锚点，该仪器用于采集本项目另一项交付成果的微生物监测数据。拆卸与部署SAFA仪器时需倾斜CWQM浮标，这可能会短暂干扰CWQM传感器。在SAFA仪器采集数据期间，工作人员会对CWQM仪器进行检查与清洁。
所有时间均采用澳大利亚东部标准时间（AEST，+10:00）。

2017-08-03 15:00：CWQM浮标与仪器首次部署：经度=153.4139，纬度=-27.95732
2017-10-05 08:20：重新校准并重启
2017-10-12 22:10：电力中断（原因不明）
2017-11-02 12:10：移除SAFA仪器
2017-11-29 07:50：重新部署SAFA仪器
2017-12-01 12:00：采集SAFA样本，重新部署仪器
2017-12-11 15:30：采集SAFA样本，重新部署仪器
2017-12-15 19:53：采集SAFA样本，重新部署仪器
2017-12-21 13:10：采集SAFA样本，重新部署仪器
2018-01-02 16:40：Gill MX10气象站受损（疑似雷击或冰雹袭击）
2018-01-03 11:00：采集SAFA样本，重新部署仪器，随后移除仪器
2018-01-08 07:30：重新部署SAFA仪器
2018-01-10 07:50：采集SAFA样本，移除仪器
2018-01-10 08:45：更换Gill MX10气象站
2018-02-01 10:30：清洁与校准
2018-02-23 08:30：迁移至海岸警卫队浮码头，用于卢克·哈罗普纪念铁人三项赛：经度=153.4101，纬度=-27.9557
2018-02-25 16:30：迁回原部署位置：经度=153.4139，纬度=-27.9573
2018-03-14 09:00：移除CWQM浮标