Prevalence and factors associated with driving under the influence of alcohol in Brazil

To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUIA) among car drivers and motorcyclists in Brazil and to evaluate the association between DUIA and self-reported Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) in these groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from adults aged 18 or older who participated in the 2019 National Health Survey. Probability sampling was used to recruit participants, and data collection was carried out through home visits. Data from 31,246 car drivers and 21,896 motorcyclists were analyzed. Key indicators included the proportion (%) of car drivers who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months and the proportion (%) of motorcyclists who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months. Multiple Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with DUIA and the association of this variable with RTIs in both groups. DUIA prevalence was 9.4% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 8.8–10.0) among car drivers and 11.2% (95% CI = 10.4–12.1) among motorcyclists. Among car drivers, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those without a spouse/partner, and lower in individuals with lower income and education level. Among motorcyclists, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those living outside the capitals and metropolitan regions, and lower in individuals with lower income. DUIA increased the prevalence of self-reported RTIs in the previous 12 months among car drivers and motorcyclists. A high prevalence of DUIA was evident among drivers, particularly motorcyclists. The DUIA was more prevalent among men and young adults. The DUIA was associated with an increased magnitude of self-reported RTIs among car drivers and motorcyclists. Despite the extensive legislation for zero tolerance toward DUIA in the country, actions need stricter enforcement.本研究旨在估算巴西汽车驾驶员与摩托车骑手群体中酒后驾驶（Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, DUIA）的流行率，分析与其相关的影响因素，并评估该群体内酒后驾驶与自我报告道路交通事故伤害（Road Traffic Injuries, RTIs）之间的关联。本研究为横断面研究（cross-sectional study），采用2019年全国健康调查中18岁及以上成年研究对象的数据，通过概率抽样（probability sampling）方法招募受试者，以入户调查方式完成数据采集，最终纳入31246名汽车驾驶员与21896名摩托车骑手的数据进行分析。核心观测指标包括：过去12个月内饮酒后驾车的汽车驾驶员占比（%），以及过去12个月内饮酒后骑行摩托车的骑手占比（%）。本研究采用多重泊松回归（multiple Poisson regression）模型，分别分析两类群体中与酒后驾驶相关的影响因素，以及酒后驾驶与道路交通事故伤害的关联情况。结果显示，汽车驾驶员的酒后驾驶流行率为9.4%（95%置信区间（Confidence Interval, CI）：8.8~10.0），摩托车骑手的酒后驾驶流行率为11.2%（95%CI：10.4~12.1）。在汽车驾驶员群体中，男性、青壮年、无配偶/伴侣者的酒后驾驶流行率更高，而低收入与低受教育水平群体的流行率更低。在摩托车骑手群体中，男性、青壮年、居住在非省会城市及非大都市区者的酒后驾驶流行率更高，仅低收入群体的流行率更低。无论汽车驾驶员还是摩托车骑手，酒后驾驶均会提升其过去12个月内自我报告道路交通事故伤害的发生风险。本研究结果表明，驾驶员群体中酒后驾驶的流行率较高，尤以摩托车骑手为甚；酒后驾驶在男性与青壮年群体中更为普遍；且该行为与汽车驾驶员及摩托车骑手的自我报告道路交通事故伤害风险升高显著相关。尽管巴西已出台多项针对酒后驾驶的零容忍法律法规，但仍需进一步强化执法力度。