Descriptive statistics.

This paper uses the GJRSK model to estimate the high-order moments of energy (oil, natural gas, and coal), the carbon market, and tourism stocks. Then, it utilizes a novel TVP-VAR time-frequency connectedness approach to examine higher-order moments spillovers among them. The results show a strong connectedness among the three markets. The energy market is the emitter of volatility, skewness and kurtosis spillovers; tourism stock is the receiver; and the carbon market is the transmitter. From a time-domain perspective, the higher-order moments spillovers of the three markets are time-varying, especially during extreme periods, where the energy market’s spillover effects on tourism stocks are significantly enhanced, indicating that tourism stocks bear a greater risk at leptokurtosis and fat-tail moment. From a frequency-domain perspective, the long-term asymmetric spillovers of oil, natural gas, and tourism markets on the carbon market are more pronounced than the short-term. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the higher-moment spillovers of energy and tourism stocks on the carbon market. Meanwhile, the Russia-Ukraine conflict led to extreme risk transmission within the energy market. These findings have significant implications for cross-industry investors and green finance risk management.