Census of Population and Housing 2010 - Philippines

Abstract
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Census of Population and Housing (CPH) refers to the entire process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing, publishing, and disseminating data about the population and the living quarters in a country. It entails the listing and recording of the characteristics of each individual and each living quarter as of a specified time and within a specified territory. In other words, the CPH offers a “snapshot” of the entire population on a specific date, that is, how many people reside within the national borders, who they are, and where they live during such specified date. Also, included are the characteristics of the housing units where they reside.

The 2010 CPH is designed to take an inventory of the total population and housing units in the Philippines and collect information about their characteristics. The census of population is the source of information on the size and distribution of the population, as well as their demographic, social, economic, and cultural characteristics. The census of housing, on the other hand, provides information on the stock of housing units and their structural characteristics and facilities which have bearing on the maintenance of privacy and health, and the development of normal family living conditions. These information are vital for making rational plans and programs for local and national development.

Specifically, the 2010 CPH aims to:
- obtain comprehensive data on the size, composition, and distribution of the population of the Philippines;
- gather data on birth registration, literacy, school attendance, place of school, highest grade/year completed, residence 5 years ago, overseas worker, usual occupation, kind of business or industry, class of worker, place of work, fertility, religion, citizenship, ethnic group, disability, and functional difficulty, and determine their geographic distribution;
- take stock of the housing units existing in the country and to get information about their geographic location, structural characteristics, and facilities, among others;
- obtain information on the characteristics of the barangay, which will be used as basis for urban-rural classification; and
- serve as sampling frame for use in household-based surveys.

Data collected in this census were compiled, evaluated, analyzed, published, and disseminated for the use of government, business, industry, social scientists, other research and academic institutions, and the general public. Among the important uses of census data are the following:

In government:
- redistricting and apportionment of congressional seats;
- allocation of resources and revenues;
- creation of political and administrative units;
- formulation of policies concerning population and housing; and
- formulation of programs relative to the delivery of basic services for health, education, housing, and others

In business and industry:
- determination of sites for establishing businesses;
- determination of consumer demands for various goods and services; and
- determination of supply of labor for the production of goods and services

In research and academic institutions:
- conduct of researches on population and other disciplines; and
- study of population growth and distribution as basis in preparing projections

Geographic coverage
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National coverage
Regions
Provinces
Cities and Municipalities
Barangays

Analysis unit
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household questionnaire: individuals (household members), households, housing units
institutional questionnaire: individuals (institutional population), institutional living quarters
barangay questionnaire: barangay

Universe
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Census-taking in the Philippines follows a de-jure concept wherein a person is counted in the usual place of residence or the place where the person usually resides. Information on the count of the population and living quarters were collected with 12:01 a.m. of May 1, 2010 as the census reference time and date.

The following individuals were enumerated:

- Those who were present at the time of visit and whose usual place of residence is the housing unit where the household lives.

- Those whose usual place of residence is the place where the household lives but are temporarily away at the time of the census.

- Boarders/lodgers of the household or employees of household-operated businesses who do not usually return/go to their respective homes weekly.

- Overseas workers and who have been away at the time of the census for not more than five years from the date of departure and are expected to be back within five years from the date of last departure.

- Filipino "balikbayans" with usual place of residence in a foreign country but have resided or are expected to reside in the Philippines for at least a year from their arrival.

- Citizens of foreign countries who have resided or are expected to reside in the Philippines for at least a year from their arrival, except members of diplomatic missions and non-Filipino members of international organizations.

- Persons temporarily staying with the household who have no usual place of residence or who are not certain to be enumerated elsewhere.

Kind of data
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Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure
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In the 2010 CPH, there are basically two types of questionnaires used for the enumeration of household members. These are CPH Form 2 or the Common Household Questionnaire and CPH Form 3 or the Sample Household Questionnaire. CPH Form 3 contains more questions than CPH Form 2.

The 2010 CPH was carried out through a combination of complete enumeration and sampling. For this census, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. This sampling method is designed in such a way that efficient and accurate estimates will be obtained at the city/municipality level.

The sampling rate or the proportion of households to be selected as samples depends on the size of the city/municipality where the Enumeration Area (EA) is located. For the cities/municipalities with estimated number of households of 500 and below, 100 percent sampling rate was used. While for those cities/municipalities with estimated number of households of 501 and above, a sampling rate of 20 percent was implemented.

In this sampling scheme, each city/municipality was treated as a domain. For city/municipality with 100 percent sampling rate, all households in all the EAs within this city/municipality were selected as samples. For those with a 20 percent sampling rate, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. That is, sample selection of one in five clusters with the first cluster selected at random. Thus in effect, the EAs belonging to the city/municipality with 20 percent sampling rate are divided into clusters of size 5. Random start is pre-determined for each EA.

If the sampling rate applied to a city/municipality is 100 percent, it means that all households in that municipality were administered with CPH Form 3. If it is 20 percent, it means that 20 percent of all households used CPH Form 3 while 80 percent used CPH Form 2.

The random start used by EA is a number from 1 to 5 which was used to select the cluster where the first sample households in an EA, and subsequently the other sample households, were included.

Clusters are formed by grouping together households that have been assigned consecutive serial numbers as they were listed in the Listing Booklet. For a 20 percent sampling rate, clusters were formed by grouping together five households.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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CPH Form 1 - Listing Booklet
This form is a booklet used to list the buildings, housing units, households, and the Institutional Living Quarters (ILQs) within an EA. This form also records other important information such as the name of household heads and name and type of institutions and their addresses, population totals, and counts of males and females.

CPH Form 2 - Common Household Questionnaire
This is the basic census questionnaire, which was used to interview and record information about the common or nonsample households. This questionnaire gathered information on the following demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population: relationship to household head, sex, date of birth, age, birth registration, marital status, religion, ethnicity, citizenship, disability, functional difficulty, highest grade/year completed, residence 5 years ago, and overseas worker. It also contains questions on the type of building/house, construction materials of the roof and outer walls, state of repair of the building/house, year the building/house was built, floor area of the housing unit, and tenure status of the lot.

CPH Form 3 - Sample Household Questionnaire
This is the basic census questionnaire, which was used to interview and record information about the sample households. This questionnaire contains ALL questions asked in CPH Form 2 PLUS additional population questions: literacy, school attendance, place of school, usual occupation, kind of business or industry, class of worker, place of work, and some items on fertility. Moreover, there are additional questions on household characteristics: fuel for lighting and cooking, source of water supply for drinking and/or cooking and for laundry, and bathing, tenure status of the housing unit, acquisition of the housing unit, source of financing of the housing unit, monthly rental of the housing unit, tenure status of the lot, usual manner of garbage disposal, kind of toilet facility, and land ownership. It also asked questions on the language/dialect generally spoken at home, residence five years from now, and presence of household conveniences/devices, and access to internet.

CPH Form 4 - Institutional Population Questionnaire
This questionnaire was used to record information about persons who were considered part of the institutional population. It contains questions on residence status, sex, age, date of birth, birth registration, marital status, religious affiliation, citizenship, ethnicity, disability, functional difficulty, and highest grade/year completed.

CPH Form 5 - Barangay Schedule
This form was used to record the characteristics of each barangay, kinds of establishments and service facilities in the area or within some specified distance from the area, and travel information from town/city proper to the barangay.

Cleaning operations
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Data editing was done at the following stages:

1) Scrutiny of questionnaires by the Field Supervisors during data collection
2) Editing and verification during Manual Processing at the Provincial Offices
4) Geo-ID validation and data consistency checking during Machine Processing at the Census Processing Centers
5) Geo-ID validation, data consistency checking, and automated editing at the Central Office

Data appraisal
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EVALUATION OF POPULATION COUNTS FROM THE 2010 CPH

Progress monitoring reports were utilized to track the progress of census field operations and to evaluate the completeness of census coverage in each enumeration area while the enumeration was still ongoing. The provincial, regional, and central offices of NSO monitored the progress through the Progress Monitoring System (PMS). It used as inputs the Enumerator's Accomplishment/PM Reports (CPH Form 10). The evaluation continued after the enumeration period using counts from processed questionnaires from the twelve Census Processing Centers 2010 (CPC 2010) across the country.

Evaluation of Counts at the NSO Field Offices

The Regional Office (RO) was responsible for the evaluation of the 2010 CPH counts for the region while the Provincial Office (PO) was responsible for the province. The computerized reporting through the PMS facilitated the evaluation at the PO and the RO. The PMS generated various reports which include the Enumeration Area (EA) Progress Enumeration Report (PMS Report 3). This report shows the counts of population of males and females and number of households by EA and the status of enumeration in each EA or barangay based on the information from CPH Form 10. Another PMS report generated at the PO is the Barangay Coverage Report (PMS Report 4). This report was used to evaluate the acceptability of the reported counts for the following indicators, computed up to the barangay level:

a. Household and population counts

b. Demographic indicators
· Annual population growth rate
· Percent change in the number of households
· Average household size

c. Difference between 2010 and 2007 institutional population

d. Number and percent of EAs completed

The field offices investigated areas with demographically implausible growth rates and questionable values in any of the cited indicators.

Evaluation at the Central Office

Parallel monitoring and evaluation were done at the Central Office particularly at the Household Statistics Department (HSD). The information used for the evaluation by HSD were:

a. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level generated through PMS;

b. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level from the Enumeration Area Reference File (EARF) filled up with population counts by the Provincial Offices after matching and completeness checking of census questionnaires during the manual processing;

c. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level generated by CPCs;

d. average annual population growth rates for the provinces and cities/municipalities for the periods 1990-1995, 1995-2000, 2000-2007, 1990-2000, 1995-2007, 2000-2010 and for all geographic levels, that is, including barangay level, for the period 2007-2010;

e. sex ratio for the provinces and cities/municipalities for the year 2007, and for all geographic levels for the year 2010;

f. average household size for all geographic levels for the years 2000, 2007, and 2010;

g. percent change of population between census years 2000 and 2007, 2000 and 2010, and 2007 and 2010 for all geographic levels; and

h. difference in the total population, household population, and number of households between census years 2000 and 2007, 2000 and 2010, and 2007 and 2010 for all geographic levels.

Below are other sources of information used as inputs for the extrapolation of population for 2010. Results of extrapolation were compared with the population counts from 2010 CPH.

a. vital registration data on annual births and deaths and estimates of levels of registration based on 2000 CPH and POPCEN 2007, for the provinces and cities/municipalities;

b. number of housing units based on satellite images, for selected provinces and cities/municipalities; and

c. administrative records on membership of households in the community water or electric cooperatives, for selected provinces and cities/municipalities.

Acceptable or demographically plausible values for the abovementioned indicators, as well as the expected direction of their changes over time are specified in the Field Operations Manual of 2010 CPH (pages 133-134). The demographic indicators for each geographic area were evaluated using the procedures also contained in the Field Operations Manual. Explanations were sought if a particular indicator fell outside the acceptable range of values, or if the observed change in the indicator deviates from the expected demographic trend. The RO submitted to the CO the explanations of the POs in his/her region for areas with census results that were considered questionable by the CO based on its independent evaluation.

A more thorough procedure of evaluation was employed for barangays suspected of having census under-coverage or over-coverage. Careful scrutiny of questionnaires for these barangays was carried out following the procedures discussed in pages 135-136 of the Field Operations Manual. In extreme cases wherein the result of the scrutiny of questionnaires confirmed that under-enumeration or padding or fabrication of population was committed, field verification became necessary. Teams composed of Statisticians from the CO, the PSOs and Statisticians of concerned provinces conducted field verification in areas suspected of having been under-enumerated or over-enumerated.

摘要
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人口与住房普查（CPH）涵盖了收集、汇编、评估、分析、发布和传播关于一国人口和居住区数据的整个过程。它包括在指定时间和指定领土内对每个个体和每个居住区的特征的登记和记录。换句话说，CPH提供了一个特定日期上整个人口的‘快照’，即在该指定日期内有多少人居住在国家边界内，他们是谁，以及他们居住在哪里。还包括他们居住的住房单元的特征。2010年CPH旨在对菲律宾的总人口和住房单元进行清点，并收集有关它们特征的信息。人口普查是关于人口规模和分布、以及人口的人口统计、社会、经济和文化特征的信息来源。另一方面，住房普查则提供了关于住房单元存量及其结构特征和设施的信息，这些特征和设施对隐私和健康的维护以及正常家庭生活条件的形成具有重要影响。这些信息对于制定地方和国家发展的合理计划和项目至关重要。

具体而言，2010年CPH旨在：
- 获取菲律宾人口的规模、构成和分布的全面数据；
- 收集有关出生登记、识字、上学、学校所在地、最高年级/完成年份、五年前的居住地、海外工作者、通常职业、业务或行业类型、工人阶级、工作地点、生育率、宗教、国籍、民族、残疾和功能性困难的数据，并确定其地理分布；
- 对国家现有的住房单元进行盘点，并获取有关其地理位置、结构特征和设施等信息；
- 获取用于城市-农村分类的 barangay 特征信息；
- 作为基于家庭调查的抽样框架。

收集在此普查中的数据被汇编、评估、分析、发布和传播，以供政府、企业、工业、社会科学家、其他研究机构和公众使用。普查数据的重要用途包括以下方面：

在政府方面：
- 国会席位的重新划区和分配；
- 资源和收入的分配；
- 政治和行政单位的创建；
- 制定有关人口和住房的政策；
- 制定有关提供基本服务（如健康、教育、住房等）的计划。

在商业和工业方面：
- 确定建立企业的地点；
- 确定各种商品和服务的消费者需求；
- 确定商品和服务的生产所需的劳动力。

在研究机构和学术机构方面：
- 开展关于人口和其他学科的研究；
- 研究人口增长和分布，作为预测的基础。

地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
地区
省份
城市和乡镇
barangay

分析单元
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家庭问卷：个体（家庭成员）、家庭、住房单元
机构问卷：个体（机构人口）、机构居住区
barangay 问卷：barangay

总体
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菲律宾的普查采用法定概念，即个人以其通常居住的住房单元或通常居住的地方进行计数。人口和居住区的计数信息于2010年5月1日凌晨12:01作为普查参照时间和日期进行收集。

以下人员被登记：
- 在访问时在场且其通常居住地是家庭居住的住房单元的人。
- 其通常居住地是家庭居住的地点，但在普查时暂时不在的人。
- 家庭寄宿者/房客或家庭经营企业的雇员，他们不通常每周返回/回家。
- 海外工作者，他们在离开时已离开超过五年，但预计将在离开后五年内返回。
- 在外国有通常居住地的菲律宾“balikbayans”，但自到达之日起至少居住或预计将在一年内居住在菲律宾。
- 从到达之日起至少居住或预计将在一年内居住在菲律宾的外国公民，除非是外交使团成员或国际组织的非菲律宾成员。
- 暂时与家庭同住且没有通常居住地或不确定在其他地方登记的人员。

数据类型
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普查/登记数据 [cen]

抽样程序
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在2010年CPH中，用于家庭成员登记的基本上有两种类型的问卷。这些是CPH表格2或通用家庭问卷和CPH表格3或样本家庭问卷。CPH表格3包含比CPH表格2更多的问题。

2010年CPH是通过完全普查和抽样的结合进行的。对于这次普查，采用了系统聚类抽样。这种抽样方法旨在以城市/乡镇级别获得有效和准确的估计。

抽样率或选择为样本的家庭比例取决于普查区域所在的城市/乡镇的估计家庭数量。对于估计家庭数量为500个以下的城市/乡镇，采用100％的抽样率。而对于估计家庭数量为501个以上的城市/乡镇，则实施20％的抽样率。

在此抽样方案中，每个城市/乡镇被视为一个域。对于100％抽样率的城市/乡镇，所有普查区域内的所有家庭都被选为样本。而对于20％抽样率的城市/乡镇，则采用系统聚类抽样。也就是说，随机选择一个集群作为第一个集群，然后选择五个集群中的一个。因此，实际上，20％抽样率的城市/乡镇的普查区域被分为五个集群。

如果应用于城市/乡镇的抽样率是100％，这意味着该乡镇的所有家庭都接受了CPH表格3的问卷调查。如果是20％，这意味着20％的家庭使用了CPH表格3，而80％的家庭使用了CPH表格2。

EA使用的随机起点是一个从1到5的数字，用于选择包含EA中第一个样本家庭的集群，随后是其他样本家庭。

集群是通过将具有连续序列号的房屋组合在一起而形成的，这些房屋按照登记册上的顺序列出。对于20％的抽样率，集群是通过将五个房屋组合在一起而形成的。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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CPH表格1 - 登记册
这是用于在普查区域（EA）内列出建筑、住房单元、家庭和机构居住区（ILQs）的册子。此表格还记录其他重要信息，如户主姓名、机构和其地址的类型和名称，总人口和男女计数。

CPH表格2 - 通用家庭问卷
这是基本的普查问卷，用于访谈和记录关于普通或非样本家庭的信息。此问卷收集有关人口以下人口统计和社会经济特征的信息：与户主的关系、性别、出生日期、年龄、出生登记、婚姻状况、宗教、民族、国籍、残疾、功能性困难、最高年级/完成年份、五年前的居住地、海外工作者。它还包含有关建筑/房屋类型、屋顶和外墙的建筑材料、建筑/房屋的维修状况、建筑/房屋建造年份、住房单元的建筑面积和土地权属状况的问题。

CPH表格3 - 样本家庭问卷
这是基本的普查问卷，用于访谈和记录关于样本家庭的信息。此问卷包含CPH表格2中提出的所有问题以及额外的关于人口的问题：识字、上学、学校所在地、通常职业、业务或行业类型、工人阶级、工作地点和某些关于生育率的问题。此外，还有关于家庭特征的额外问题：照明和烹饪的燃料、饮用水和/或洗衣及洗澡的水源、住房单元的土地权属状况、住房单元的取得方式、住房单元的融资来源、住房单元的月租金、土地权属状况、垃圾处理的通常方式、卫生设施的类型和土地所有权。它还询问了在家中通常使用的语言/方言、五年后的居住地以及家庭便利设施/设备的可用性和互联网的接入。

CPH表格4 - 机构人口问卷
此问卷用于记录被认为是机构人口的人的信息。它包含有关居住状况、性别、年龄、出生日期、出生登记、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、国籍、民族、残疾和功能性困难以及最高年级/完成年份的问题。

CPH表格5 - Barangay 时间表
此表格用于记录每个barangay的特征、区域内的各种企业和设施类型以及从城镇/市区到barangay的旅行信息。

清洗操作
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数据编辑在以下阶段进行：
1) 在数据收集期间，由现场监督员审查问卷；
2) 在省办事处手动处理期间的编辑和验证；
4) 在普查处理中心的机器处理期间的Geo-ID验证和数据一致性检查；
5) 在中央办公室的Geo-ID验证、数据一致性检查和自动化编辑。

数据评估
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2010 CPH 人口计数评估
进度监测报告被用来跟踪普查现场操作进度，并在普查进行过程中评估每个普查区域普查覆盖的完整性。NSO的省、地区和中央办事处通过进度监测系统（PMS）监测进度。它使用计数员完成/PM报告（CPH表格10）作为输入。评估在普查期结束后继续进行，使用来自全国十二个2010年普查处理中心（CPC 2010）处理过的问卷的计数。

在NSO现场办事处进行计数评估
地区办事处（RO）负责评估该地区2010年CPH的计数，而省办事处（PO）负责该省。通过PMS的计算机报告促进了PO和RO的评估。PMS生成了各种报告，包括普查区域（EA）进度登记报告（PMS报告3）。此报告显示了男女人口的计数和按EA和家庭计数的数量，以及每个EA或barangay的登记状态，基于CPH表格10的信息。PO生成的另一个PMS报告是barangay覆盖率报告（PMS报告4）。此报告用于评估以下指标的报告计数的可接受性，计算到barangay级别：

a. 家庭和人口计数

b. 人口统计指标
   · 年人口增长率
   · 家庭数量变化的百分比
   · 平均家庭规模

c. 2010年和2007年机构人口之间的差异

d. 完成的EA数量和百分比

现场办事处调查了具有人口统计上不合理增长率或任何上述指标中可疑值的地区。

中央办公室的评估
在中央办公室进行了并行监测和评估，特别是在家庭统计部门（HSD）。HSD用于评估的信息如下：

a. 通过PMS生成的2010 CPH直到barangay级别的计数；

b. 通过EA参考文件（EARF）生成的2010 CPH直到barangay级别的计数，该文件由省办事处在手动处理过程中进行匹配和完整性检查后填写了人口计数；

c. 由CPCs生成的2010 CPH直到barangay级别的计数；

d. 1990-1995、1995-2000、2000-2007、1990-2000、1995-2007、2000-2010期间以及包括barangay级别在内的所有地理级别的平均年度人口增长率；

e. 2007年和2010年所有地理级别的性别比；

f. 2000年、2007年和2010年所有地理级别的平均家庭规模；

g. 2000年和2007年、2000年和2010年以及2007年和2010年所有地理级别之间的人口变化的百分比；

h. 2000年和2007年、2000年和2010年以及2007年和2010年所有地理级别之间的总人口、家庭人口和家庭数量之间的差异。

以下是用于2010年人口外推的输入信息来源的其他信息，外推结果与2010年CPH的人口计数进行比较。

a. 年度出生和死亡的生命登记数据以及基于2000年CPH和POPCEN 2007的登记水平估计，针对选定的省份和城市/乡镇；

b. 根据卫星图像的住房单元数量，针对选定的省份和城市/乡镇；

c. 针对选定的省份和城市/乡镇的社区水或电力合作社成员资格的行政记录。

在2010年CPH现场操作手册（第133-134页）中指定了上述指标的可接受或人口统计上合理的值，以及它们随时间变化的预期方向。使用与现场操作手册中包含的相同程序评估每个地理区域的人口统计指标。

如果某个指标超出可接受值的范围，或者观察到的指标变化与预期的人口统计趋势不符，则寻求解释。RO将PO在其地区被认为是可疑的CO根据其独立评估的结果提交给CO。

对于有普查低估或高估疑虑的barangay，采用了更彻底的评估程序。根据现场操作手册第135-136页中讨论的程序，对这些barangay的问卷进行了仔细审查。在极端情况下，如果对问卷的审查确认了低估或人口虚报的行为，则需要进行现场验证。由CO的统计学家、PSOs以及相关省份的统计学家组成的团队对这些被怀疑低估或高估的地区进行了现场验证。