The data of Screening of milk exosomal immune-related miRNA and establishment of regulatory network

Colostrum contains high concentrations of nutrients and hormones that can resist and kill a wide range of bacteria, preventing infectious diseases1.Bovine colostrum also contains maternal antibodies and a large number of maternal immune cells2. Several studies have addressed the role of antibodies passively transferred by colostrum in neonatal protection3-6. Exosomes are spherical structures with a lipid bilayer membrane, ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter. In recent years, exosomes have become increasingly important as biological molecular markers. Bovine milk exosomes are secreted by mammary gland epithelial cells and contain biologically active substances such as nucleic acids, proteins, glycans, and lipids. These contents, once taken up by the recipient cells, participate in intercellular communication, immune response, inflammation, angiogenesis, antioxidant activity, and tumor cell growth7-12. Several studies have found that milk-derived exosomes can serve as drug carriers and enhance therapeutic effects13-14. Bovine milk exosomes are rich in proteins related to immune response and growth, and they can also enhance intestinal cell viability, suppress inflammation, and promote immune function 15-17.Exosomes carry proteins,microRNAs (miRNAs),lncRNA, circRNA, mRNA, and their degradation fragments that are involved in the regulation of important cellular activities, including intracellular signal transduction. During the last decade, miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the immune response based on their ability to interfere with the post-transcriptional expression of multiple target genes. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs (ncRNA)with various biological functions through translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization. Recent literature identifies these microRNAs as potential biomarkers for multiple human disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets or tools. Exosomal miRNAs have shown promise in the treatment of complex diseases such as tumor metastasis, immune regulation mechanisms, disease progression, Alzheimer's disease, and immune-related disorders.This study first extracted and identified exosomes from bovine colostrum and milk. Then, small RNA (sRNA) libraries of colostrum and milk exosomes were constructed, and miRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the exosomes was performed using Illumina sequencing technology to analyze the differentially expressed miRNAs between bovine colostrum and milk exosomes. Functional analysis was conducted to screen for key immune-related miRNAs in bovine colostrum exosomes.The molecular mechanisms underlying the immune functions of these key miRNAs were further explored. This study not only helps to enrich and improve the biological functions of miRNAs in bovine colostrum exosomes, but also provides insights for the future research and development of functional foods, health products, and early care for premature infants.