Data from: Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming

Annual species may increase reproduction by increasing adult body size through extended development, but risk being unable to complete development in seasonally limited environments. Synthetic reviews indicate that most, but not all, species have responded to recent climate warming by advancing the seasonal timing of adult emergence or reproduction. Here we show that 50 years of climate change have delayed development in high elevation, season limited grasshopper populations, but advanced development in populations at lower elevations. Developmental delays are most pronounced for early season species, which might benefit most from delaying development when released from seasonal time constraints. Rearing experiments confirm that population elevation and temperature interact to determine development time. Population differences in developmental plasticity may account for variability in phenological shifts among adults. An integrated consideration of the full life cycle that considers local adaptation and plasticity may be essential for understanding and predicting responses to climate change.一年生物种可通过延长发育周期增大成体体型，进而提升繁殖成功率，但此举也使其面临在季节受限环境中无法完成发育的风险。综合综述研究显示，多数而非全部物种已对近期气候变暖产生响应，表现为成虫羽化或繁殖的季节节点提前。本研究表明，50年的气候变化使得高海拔、季节限制型生境中的蝗虫种群发育周期延迟，而低海拔种群的发育周期则有所提前。早季物种的发育延迟最为显著，这类物种在摆脱季节时间约束后，或可从延迟发育中获取最大收益。饲养实验证实，种群所处海拔与温度存在交互作用，共同调控发育时长。成虫物候变化的种群间差异，或可由发育可塑性的种群差异予以解释。若要理解并预测物种对气候变化的响应，综合考量涵盖本地适应与发育可塑性的完整生命周期或为必要路径。