Data from: Patterns of paternity skew among polyandrous social insects: What can they tell us about the potential for sexual selection?

Monogamy results in high genetic relatedness among offspring and thus it is generally assumed to be favoured by kin selection. Female multiple mating (polyandry) has nevertheless evolved several times in the social Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), and a substantial amount of work has been conducted to understand its costs and benefits. Relatedness and inclusive fitness benefits are, however, not only influenced by queen mating frequency but also by paternity skew, which is a quantitative measure of paternity biases among the offspring of polyandrous females. We performed a large scale phylogenetic analysis of paternity skew across polyandrous social Hymenoptera. We found a general and significant negative association between paternity frequency and paternity skew. High paternity skew, which increases relatedness amongst colony members and thus maximizes inclusive fitness gains, characterized species with low paternity frequency. However, species with highly polyandrous queens had low paternity skew, with paternity equalized amongst potential sires. Equal paternity shares among fathers are expected to maximize fitness benefits derived from genetic diversity among offspring. We discuss the potential for post-copulatory sexual selection to influence patterns of paternity in social insects, and suggest that sexual selection may have played a key, yet overlooked role in social evolution.,Jaffe et al-Interspecific sims Sall by superfamilySampling protocol and simulations used to construct the null hypothesis under random paternity allocation. Interspecific simulations based on the entire data set (Sall, n = 72 species), performed within ants, bees and wasps.Jaffe et al-Interspecific sims SallSampling protocol and simulations used to construct the null hypothesis under random paternity allocation. Interspecific simulations based on the entire data set (Sall, n = 72 species), performed accross all species.Jaffe et al-Interspecific sims Ssig by superfamilySampling protocol and simulations used to construct the null hypothesis under random paternity allocation. Interspecific simulations based on the species with skew values differing from the random skew expectation (Ssig, n = 56 species), performed within ants, bees and wasps.Jaffe et al-Interspecific sims SsigSampling protocol and simulations used to construct the null hypothesis under random paternity allocation. Interspecific simulations based on the species with skew values differing from the random skew expectation (Ssig, n = 56 species), performed across all species.Jaffe et al-Intraspecific simulationsSampling protocol and simulations used to construct the null hypothesis under random paternity allocation. Intraspecific simulations.Jaffe et al-null hypothesis filesReadMe file,

单配制会使后代间的遗传相关度升高，因此通常认为亲缘选择会青睐单配制。然而，社会性膜翅目昆虫（蚂蚁、蜜蜂和胡蜂）中多次演化出了雌性多次交配策略——多配制（polyandry），学界已开展大量研究以阐明其代价与收益。不过，除了蚁后交配频次外，父权偏倚（paternity skew）——一种量化多配制雌性后代父权偏差的指标——也会影响相关度与广义适合度（inclusive fitness）收益。我们针对多配制社会性膜翅目昆虫的父权偏倚开展了大规模系统发育分析（phylogenetic analysis），发现交配频次与父权偏倚之间普遍存在显著负相关关系：在交配频次较低的类群中，父权偏倚程度较高，这会提升种群内成员间的遗传相关度，从而最大化广义适合度收益；而蚁后高度多配制的类群则表现出较低的父权偏倚，潜在父本间的父权分配趋于均等。理论上，父本间均等的父权分配应能最大化由后代遗传多样性带来的适合度收益。我们讨论了交配后性选择影响社会性昆虫父权模式的可能性，并提出性选择可能在社会演化中发挥了此前被忽视的关键作用。
Jaffe等人——按总科分组的跨物种模拟Sall：构建随机父权分配零假设的采样流程与模拟方案。基于全部数据集（Sall，n=72个物种）开展跨物种模拟，模拟范围涵盖蚂蚁、蜜蜂与胡蜂类群。
Jaffe等人——跨物种模拟Sall：构建随机父权分配零假设的采样流程与模拟方案。基于全部数据集（Sall，n=72个物种）开展跨物种模拟，模拟范围涵盖所有物种。
Jaffe等人——按总科分组的跨物种模拟Ssig：构建随机父权分配零假设的采样流程与模拟方案。针对父权偏倚值与随机偏倚预期存在差异的物种（Ssig，n=56个物种）开展跨物种模拟，模拟范围涵盖蚂蚁、蜜蜂与胡蜂类群。
Jaffe等人——跨物种模拟Ssig：构建随机父权分配零假设的采样流程与模拟方案。针对父权偏倚值与随机偏倚预期存在差异的物种（Ssig，n=56个物种）开展跨物种模拟，模拟范围涵盖所有物种。
Jaffe等人——种内模拟：构建随机父权分配零假设的采样流程与模拟方案。开展种内模拟。
Jaffe等人——零假设文件：ReadMe说明文档。