Data from: Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group

The European genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) is famous for its insect-like floral morphology, an adaptation for a pseudocopulatory pollination strategy involving Hymenoptera males. A large number of endemic Ophrys species have recently been described, especially within the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the major species diversity hotspots. Subtle morphological variation and specific pollinator dependence are the two main perceptible criteria for describing numerous endemic taxa. However, the degree to which endemics differ genetically remains a challenging question. Additionally, knowledge regarding the factors underlying the emergence of such endemic entities is limited. To achieve new insights regarding speciation processes in Ophrys, we have investigated species boundaries in the Fly Orchid group (Ophrys insectifera sensu lato) by examining morphological, ecological and genetic evidence. Classically, authors have recognized one widespread taxon (O. insectifera) and two endemics (O. aymoninii from France and O. subinsectifera from Spain). Our research has identified clear morphological and ecological factors segregating among these taxa; however, genetic differences were more ambiguous. Insights from cpDNA sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphisms genotyping indicated a recent diversification in the three extant Fly Orchid species, which may have been further obscured by active migration and admixture across the European continent. Our genetic results still indicate weak but noticeable phylogeographic clustering that partially correlates with the described species. Particularly, we report several isolated haplotypes and genetic clusters in central and southeastern Europe. With regard to the morphological, ecological and genetic aspects, we discuss the endemism status within the Fly Orchid group from evolutionary, taxonomical and conservation perspectives.隶属于兰科（Orchidaceae）的欧洲蜂兰属（Ophrys）以其类昆虫的花部形态而闻名，该形态是针对一种拟交配传粉策略的适应机制，该策略依赖于膜翅目（Hymenoptera）雄性昆虫。近年来已有大量蜂兰属特有物种被发表，尤其是在地中海盆地这一全球主要物种多样性热点区域之一。细微的花部形态差异与专一的传粉者依赖性，是描述众多特有类群的两大核心判别依据。然而，这些特有类群在遗传分化程度上的问题仍颇具挑战性。此外，学界对这类特有类群起源的潜在驱动因素仍知之甚少。 为深入解析蜂兰属的物种形成机制，本研究通过整合形态学、生态学与遗传学证据，对蝇兰类群（Fly Orchid group）的物种界限展开了研究，该类群即广义蝇兰（Ophrys insectifera sensu lato）。传统分类学观点认可一个广布类群（O. insectifera）以及两个特有类群：产自法国的O. aymoninii与产自西班牙的O. subinsectifera。本研究明确了区分这些类群的形态与生态学特征，但类群间的遗传分化则相对模糊。通过叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）测序与扩增片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymorphisms, AFLP）基因分型获得的分析结果显示，这三个现存蝇兰类群近期发生了快速分化，而欧洲大陆范围内活跃的基因流与遗传混合进一步掩盖了其遗传分化信号。本研究的遗传学分析结果仍显示出微弱但显著的系统地理聚类信号，且该信号与已发表的类群划分存在部分关联。尤为值得注意的是，本研究在中欧与东南欧地区发现了多个孤立的单倍型与遗传聚类群。最后，本研究结合形态学、生态学与遗传学证据，从进化生物学、分类学以及物种保护的视角，探讨了蝇兰类群的特有性地位。