Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota of Central and Eastern Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) Wintering in Yunnan Province, China

The black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is the sole crane species globally that inhabits, breeds, and flourishes in high plateau environments. This study utilized high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate and compare the core gut microbiota of black-necked cranes in two overwintering populations of Yunnan Province, China. A total of 34,297 operational taxonomic units were identified, belonging to 49 phyla, 130 classes, 276 orders, 365 families, and 775 genera. Alpha diversity analysis indicated significant differences in the diversity of gut microbial communities between the two wintering populations, with the central population exhibiting markedly higher diversity and richness compared to the eastern population. Principal coordinate analysis revealed a clear separation of the two populations of fecal samples, suggesting notable differences in microbial communities between the populations. The dominant phyla in the eastern population were Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, whereas the central population was primarily dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Lactobacillus was the predominant genus in both populations. Adapted to the cold local plateau, certain bacteria demonstrate the ability to efficiently utilize local resources and accumulate energy. Additionally, a variety of highly abundant pathogenic bacteria were identified, including Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Campylobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus, which may pose a risk of transmission among local black-necked crane populations. It is imperative to implement appropriate measures to safeguard the health of black-necked cranes and mitigate the spread of diseases.