Impacts of Observation Errors on Hurricane Forecasts When Assimilating Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder Radiances in Partially Cloudy Skies Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Abstract Hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders provide high vertical resolution atmospheric sounding information that can improve the forecast accuracy of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Due to the challenges of assimilating cloudy radiances, NWP centers usually assimilate only radiances that are not affected by clouds. An imager based cloud-clearing technique provides an alternative and effective way to remove the cloud effects from a partially cloudy field-of-view and derive the equivalent clear sky radiances or the cloud-cleared radiances (CCRs) for assimilation in NWP. Since the observation error is amplified in the cloud-clearing, or noise amplification process, it is necessary to inflate the observation errors appropriately in order to achieve the optimal value-added impact from assimilating CCRs. The estimation of observation error inflation is established and discussed. Hurricane Harvey (2017) and Hurricane Maria (2017) are used to simulate and understand the impacts of observation error inflation on the assimilation of Cross-track Infrared Sounder CCRs for hurricane forecast improvement. Both the precipitation location and intensity forecasts are improved when assimilating CCRs with an inflated observation error for Hurricane Harvey (2017). Assimilating CCRs with an inflated observation error adjusts the temperature and geopotential height fields and further affects the hurricane structures to improve the hurricane track forecasts, thereby demonstrating the importance of using hyperspectral IR measurements in partially cloudy skies for simulating the hurricane structure and improving its forecast. This method can be applied to other imager/sounder combined observations for improving sounder radiance assimilation in cloudy skies and has potential for operational applications.