Bison conservation timeline

Stacked history timeline since 1800 CE of bison population, bison ownership, average carcass price, and bison system socio-ecological events. A) Log bison population (log10; gray bars (Hornaday 1889, Garretson 1918, 1926). B) Bison ownership shows the relative share of bison population by sectors of Tribal nations (white bars), US government (‘public’, black bars), Non-governmental organizations like zoos (‘NGO’, navy bars), and private entities (light blue bars). C) Average carcass price of bison (red line) with all prices corrected to 2018 equivalent dollars (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020) since 1820 CE (Hornaday 1889, USDA 2020). D) Conservation events ranging across domains of natural (brown), social (yellow), economic (green), legislation about bison (authorization, blue), and recovery efforts (implementation, gray). All supporting data are availble here.