A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species

Selection causes local adaptation across populations within species and simultaneously divergence between species. However, it is unclear if either the force of or the response to selection is similar across these scales. We show that natural selection drives divergence between closely related species in a pattern that is distinct from local adaptation within species. We use reciprocal transplant experiments across three species of Phlox wildflowers to characterize widespread adaptive divergence. Using provenance trials, we also find strong local adaptation between populations within a species. Comparing divergence and selection between these two scales of diversity we discover that one suite of traits predicts fitness differences between species and that an independent suite of traits predicts fitness variation within species. Selection drives divergence between species, contributing to speciation, while simultaneously favoring extensive diversity that is maintained across populations ..., These data are phenotypic measurements of three species of Phlox plants grown in three common gardens. We included 122 genotypes of Phlox amoena amoena (eight populations), 125 genotypes of Phlox pilosa pilosa (nine populations), and 37 genotypes of Phlox pilosa deamii (three populations) from throughout their native ranges for our common garden experiment. Each plant was propigated and clonaly replicated to include at least one clone in each of three field sites. Each field site included four blocks with randomized plants withint each block. We monitored fitness-related traits in the gardens over the course of three growing seasons between planting in April 2018 and final data collection in September 2020.We recorded damage from large vertebrate herbivores as a binary trait (0 = herbivore damage, 1 = no herbivore damage). We counted the total number of open flowers on each plant on a weekly basis from beginning of April through beginning of June 2019. Flowers on these taxa remain open ..., , # A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species

These data were collected on Phlox plants grown in three common gardens across three years.

## Description of the data and file structure

These data include a data sheet with field collected data compiled across three years. Each plant has a unique label (indicating location in a garden), the garden it was grown in (Amoena site, Pilosa site, Deamii site), the species or taxon of the individuals (amoena, pilosa, or deamii), whether the garden is the \"home\" or \"away\" garden depending on whether it matches the species or not, the population from which the individual is sourced, and the unique identifier of the genotypes. Each individual also has the population source location indicated with latitude and longitude. The traits collected in the field corresponding to fitness measures include herbivory in 2019 (0 is absent, 1 is present), flower number in 2019, fruit count...