Sample B

Sample B employed a stratified random sampling method. The application of stratified random sampling ensures that each subgroup of the population is adequately represented in the sample, thereby providing a more comprehensive overall coverage.Firstly, we divided China into four primary sampling units: Eastern, Central, Western, and Northeastern regions, based on the division of economic regions by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Then, within each unit, two teacher education colleges or comprehensive universities were selected as secondary sampling units. Finally, according to the principle of random sampling, we distributed and collected at least 50 questionnaires in each selected institution, resulting in a total of 543 collected questionnaires. CFA of Sample B was conducted using the maximum likelihood method in AMOS 26.0 software, preceded by a test of normality. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were analyzed, focusing on correlations among measurement items within factors and between factors, respectively. Reliability testing employed Cronbach's alpha coefficient. These methods systematically examined the validity and reliability of the scale.