Chirp navigation tracklines from USGS cruise 2004-003-FA along the inner continental shelf of northern North Carolina (isc2004003_tracklines.shp)

The northeastern North Carolina coastal system, from False Cape, Virginia, to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, has been studied by a cooperative research program that mapped the Quaternary geologic framework of the estuaries, barrier islands, and inner continental shelf. This information provides a basis to understand the linkage between geologic framework, physical processes, and coastal evolution at time scales from storm events to millennia. The study area attracts significant tourism to its parks and beaches, contains a number of coastal communities, and supports a local fishing industry, all of which are impacted by coastal change. Knowledge derived from this research program can be used to mitigate hazards and facilitate effective management of this dynamic coastal system. This regional mapping project produced spatial datasets of high-resolution geophysical (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and sedimentary (core and grab-sample) data. The high-resolution geophysical data were collected during numerous surveys within the back-barrier estuarine system, along the barrier island complex, in the nearshore, and along the inner continental shelf. Sediment cores were taken on the mainland and along the barrier islands, and both cores and grab samples were taken on the inner shelf. Data collection was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and several other institutions including East Carolina University (ECU), the North Carolina Geological Survey, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). The high-resolution geophysical data of the inner continental shelf were collected during six separate surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004 (four USGS surveys north of Cape Hatteras: 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA, 2002-013-FA, and two USGS surveys south of Cape Hatteras: 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) and cover more than 2600 square kilometers of the inner shelf. Single-beam bathymetry data were collected north of Cape Hatteras in 1999 using a Furuno fathometer. Swath bathymetry data were collected on all other inner shelf surveys using a SEA, Ltd. SwathPLUS 234-kHz bathymetric sonar. Chirp seismic data as well as sidescan-sonar data were collected with a Teledyne Benthos (Datasonics) SIS-1000 north of Cape Hatteras along with boomer seismic reflection data (cruises 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA and 2002-013-FA). An Edgetech 512i was used to collect chirp seismic data south of Cape Hatteras (cruises 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) along with a Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar system. Sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler during four of the USGS surveys (1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-013-FA, and 2004-003-FA). Additional sediment core data along the inner shelf are provided from previously published studies. A cooperative study, between the North Carolina Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service (MMS cores), collected vibracores along the inner continental shelf offshore of Nags Head, Kill Devils Hills and Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1996. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected vibracores along the inner shelf offshore of Dare County in August 1995 (NDC cores) and July-August 1995 (SNL cores). These cores are curated by the North Carolina Geological Survey and were used as part of the ground validation process in this study. Nearshore geophysical and core data were collected by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The nearshore is defined here as the region between the 10-m isobath and the shoreline. High-resolution bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and chirp seismic data were collected between June 2002 and May 2004. Vibracore samples were collected in May and July 2005. Shallow subsurface geophysical data were acquired along the Outer Banks barrier islands using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Data were collected by East Carolina University from 2002 to 2005. Rotasonic cores (OBX cores) from five drilling operations were collected from 2002 to 2006 by the North Carolina Geological Survey as part of the cooperative study with the USGS. These cores are distributed throughout the Outer Banks as well as the mainland. The USGS collected seismic data for the Quaternary section within the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system between 2001 and 2004 during six surveys (2001-013-FA, 2002-015-FA, 2003-005-FA , 2003-042-FA, 2004-005-FA, and 2004-006-FA). These surveys used Geopulse Boomer and Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) 320BR Chirp systems, except cruise 2003-042-FA, which used an Edgetech 424 Chirp and a boomer system. The study area includes Albemarle Sound and selected tributary estuaries such as the South, Pungo, Alligator, and Pasquotank Rivers; Pamlico Sound and trunk estuaries including the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers; and back-barrier sounds including Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke, Core, and Bogue.本合作研究项目针对美国弗吉尼亚州假角（False Cape）至北卡罗来纳州卢考特角（Cape Lookout）之间的北卡罗来纳州东北部海岸系统展开研究，完成了该区域河口湾（estuary）、障壁岛（barrier island）与内陆架（inner continental shelf）的第四纪地质框架（Quaternary geologic framework）测绘工作。本研究获取的信息为理解地质框架、物理过程与海岸演化在从风暴事件到千年尺度的时间跨度内的关联机制提供了基础。该研究区域的公园与海滩拥有极高的旅游吸引力，区域内分布多个沿海社区，同时支撑着当地渔业，上述所有产业均受海岸变化影响。本研究项目产出的成果可用于减缓海岸灾害风险，并助力该动态海岸系统的精细化管理。 本区域测绘项目生成了高分辨率地球物理数据（含水深测量、背散射强度与地震反射数据）与沉积数据（含岩芯与抓取采样样品数据）两类空间数据集。高分辨率地球物理数据通过多次勘测获取，勘测范围覆盖障壁后河口湾系统、障壁岛群、近岸区域以及内陆架区域。岩芯样品采集于大陆沿岸与障壁岛区域，内陆架区域则同时采集了岩芯与抓取采样样品。本次数据采集工作由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）与东卡罗来纳大学（East Carolina University, ECU）、北卡罗来纳州地质调查局、弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所（Virginia Institute of Marine Science, VIMS）等多家机构合作完成。 内陆架的高分辨率地球物理数据于1999年至2004年间通过6次独立勘测获取（其中哈特拉斯角以北的美国地质调查局勘测共4次：1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA、2002-013-FA；哈特拉斯角以南的勘测共2次：2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA），覆盖面积超过2600平方千米的内陆架区域。1999年，研究团队使用古野（Furuno）测深仪在哈特拉斯角以北采集了单波束水深测量数据。其余所有内陆架勘测均使用SEA有限公司的SwathPLUS 234kHz测深声呐获取条带测深数据。在哈特拉斯角以北的勘测（航次1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA及2002-013-FA）中，研究团队使用Teledyne Benthos（Datasonics）SIS-1000采集了啁啾地震数据与侧扫声呐数据，并同步采集了boom地震反射数据。在哈特拉斯角以南的航次2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA中，研究团队使用Edgetech 512i采集啁啾地震数据，并搭配Klein 3000侧扫声呐系统开展数据采集工作。在4次美国地质调查局勘测（1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-013-FA及2004-003-FA）中，研究团队使用Van Veen抓取采样器采集了沉积样品。内陆架区域的补充岩芯数据则来自已发表的相关研究成果。 1996年，北卡罗来纳州地质调查局与矿产管理局（Minerals Management Service, MMS）合作开展研究，在北卡罗来纳州纳格斯黑德、基尔迪维尔希尔斯与基蒂霍克附近的内陆架海域采集了振动岩芯（vibracore）样品。美国陆军工程兵团于1995年8月（NDC岩芯）与1995年7-8月（SNL岩芯）在戴尔县附近的内陆架海域采集了振动岩芯样品。上述岩芯均由北卡罗来纳州地质调查局保存，并作为本次研究地面验证工作的一部分被使用。 弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所采集了近岸区域的地球物理与岩芯数据。本次研究中，近岸区域被定义为10米等深线与海岸线之间的海域。高分辨率水深测量、背散射强度与啁啾地震数据的采集时间为2002年6月至2004年5月。振动岩芯样品则于2005年5月与7月完成采集。 东卡罗来纳大学于2002年至2005年间，使用探地雷达（ground-penetrating radar, GPR）系统在外班克斯障壁岛区域采集了浅层地下地球物理数据。北卡罗来纳州地质调查局于2002年至2006年间，作为与美国地质调查局合作研究的一部分，通过5次钻探作业采集了旋转声波岩芯（rotasonic core, OBX岩芯）样品。这些岩芯样品分布于外班克斯区域与大陆沿岸地区。 美国地质调查局于2001年至2004年间，通过6次勘测（2001-013-FA、2002-015-FA、2003-005-FA、2003-042-FA、2004-005-FA及2004-006-FA）采集了阿尔伯马尔-帕姆利科河口湾系统内第四纪地层的地震数据。除航次2003-042-FA使用Edgetech 424啁啾系统与boom系统外，其余勘测均使用Geopulse Boomer与克努森工程有限公司（Knudsen Engineering Limited, KEL）320BR啁啾系统开展数据采集。本次研究区域包括阿尔伯马尔湾及其支流河口湾（如南河、庞戈河、短吻鳄河与帕斯夸坦克河）、帕姆利科湾及其主干河口湾（如纽斯河与帕姆利科河），以及障壁后海湾（如柯里塔克湾、克罗阿坦湾、罗阿诺克湾、科尔湾与博格湾）。