Assessment of trace metals in Amazonian fish exposed to untreated urban sewage: high chromium concentrations in fish tissues

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of fish meat in relation to inorganic contaminants (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Hg), following the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) standards in five Amazonian fish exposed to untreated urban sewage. Trace metal concentrations were evaluated in the muscle tissues of Schizodon fasciatus (herbivorous), Potamorhina latior (detritivorous), Triportheus angulatus (omnivorous), Plagioscion squamosissimus (carnivorous) and Rhaphiodon vulpinus (piscivorous), sampled upstream and downstream of Santo Antônio's Hydroelectric Dam, Madeira River (Porto Velho City, Brazil). An acid chemical digestion was used to extract trace metals from the tissues, and atomic absorption spectrometry methods were used to quantify the trace metal concentrations. Fish samples showed values above allowed limits for Cr (0.10 mg.kg-1), except in Plagioscion squamosissimus (0.09 mg.kg-1). Potamorhina latior specimens sampled downstream showed higher values for Cr (p<0.0001) than specimens sampled upstream. This result may indicate that untreated urban sewage discharged into the river downstream is influencing the Cr concentrations. As only Cr exceeded the allowed value for consumption, the estimated daily intake of Cr in the Brazilian urban and riverine population was calculated based on their fish consumption for each species sampled upstream and downstream. Estimates of daily intake of Cr were higher in fish sampled downstream than upstream, and were 13 times higher in the riverine population than in the Brazilian urban population.