Prospective Population Study of Women in Göteborg (PPSW)

The population study of women in Gothenburg is a population study based at the University of Gothenburg. The study started as a cross-sectional study in 1968 including 1462 women aged 38, 46, 50 and 60 years. The participants have after that been followed-up with regular examinations in 1974-75, 1980-81, 1992-1993, 2000-2001, 2004-2005, 2009-2010 and 2016-2017. In addition, new participants have been included. During the examinations 2004-2005 and 2016-2017, only women 38 and 50 years old were invited to participate with the purpose of enabling comparison of these age cohorts. The study comprises physical and mental disease as well as health, social and psychological circumstances and data regarding food and dental health. To study determinants among middle age women that have importance for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia and other mental illness in high age is possible because of the long running follow-ups, high participant rates, and thorough mapping of non-participants and data regarding morbidity and mortality. The study covers both longitudinal trends (change in individuals over time) and secular trends (changes in the population over time). This implies the possibility to study e.g. whether the increased consumption of oestrogenic hormones and new antidepressive agents in the population has influenced the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, dementia, depression and the proportion that are under treatment. The long-running follow-up has also made it possible to study the long term prognosis for these diseases and whether the risk for prolonged illness increases with older age. In addition, women from different birth cohorts are examined at certain ages to investigate secular trends in health related variables, such as obesity and dental health. The questionnaires have been changed as little as possible between each survey. The population study of women in Gothenburg collaborates with the H70 study which started in 1971, a cross-sectional study of men and women in Gothenburg aged 70 years. It is coordinated by several researcher groups, especially the groups handling general medicine, epidemiology, psychiatry and geriatrics. When the participants turned 70 years old, they were invited to participate in the H70 study (1992, 2000), and a follow-up examination of 75 years old participants 2005-2006. Purpose: The purpose of this study was initially to investigate anemia and health factors related to menopause, but has later also included examination of determinants among middle age women that have importance for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia and other mental illness in high age.哥德堡女性人群研究（Population Study of Women in Gothenburg）是一项依托哥德堡大学开展的人群研究。该研究于1968年以横断面研究（cross-sectional study）的形式启动，共纳入1462名年龄为38、46、50及60岁的女性。此后，研究团队分别于1974-1975年、1980-1981年、1992-1993年、2000-2001年、2004-2005年、2009-2010年及2016-2017年对参与者开展定期随访检查。此外，研究亦纳入了新增参与者。在2004-2005年与2016-2017年的检查中，仅邀请38岁与50岁的女性参与，以实现对这两个年龄队列的对比分析。本研究涵盖躯体与精神疾病相关信息，同时收录健康、社会与心理状况，以及饮食与口腔健康相关数据。依托长期随访、高参与率，以及对未参与者的全面追踪与发病（morbidity）、死亡（mortality）数据的完整收录，本研究可探究中年女性的影响因素，这些因素对老年时期心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease）、糖尿病、癌症、痴呆（dementia）及其他精神疾病的发生发展具有重要作用。本研究同时覆盖纵向趋势（longitudinal trends，即个体随时间的变化）与长期趋势（secular trends，即人群随时间的变化），这为研究人群中雌激素类激素（oestrogenic hormones）与新型抗抑郁药物（antidepressive agents）使用量增加是否影响心血管疾病、痴呆、抑郁症的发生，以及接受治疗人群的占比提供了可能。长期随访还支持对上述疾病的长期预后，以及患病风险是否随年龄增长而升高的研究。此外，研究会在特定年龄对不同出生队列（birth cohorts）的女性开展检查，以探究肥胖（obesity）、口腔健康等健康相关指标的长期人群趋势。各次调查间的问卷调整幅度均控制在最小范围内。哥德堡女性人群研究与始于1971年的H70研究（H70 Study）存在合作，后者是一项针对哥德堡市70岁男女开展的横断面研究。该合作由多个研究团队协调开展，尤其涉及普通医学、流行病学（epidemiology）、精神病学（psychiatry）与老年医学（geriatrics）相关研究组。当参与者年满70岁时，会被邀请参与H70研究（分别于1992年、2000年开展），并于2005-2006年对75岁的参与者进行随访检查。研究目的：本研究最初旨在探究贫血（anemia）与绝经（menopause）相关健康因素，后续拓展至对中年女性影响因素的考察，这些因素对老年时期心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症、痴呆及其他精神疾病的发生发展具有重要意义。