Disciplinary sanctions in the police since 1990

In the context of [an investigation into police internal control](https://www.liberation.fr/france/2021/01/21/sanctions-dans-la-police-les-chiffres-d-une-impunite-croissante_1818189/), _Libération_ reveals and makes available data concerning [the institution’s disciplinary sanctions](https://www.liberation.fr/france/2021/01/21/du-blame-a-l-exclusion-mode-d-emploi_1818190/): number, motive, gravity... The information gathered, which lasts almost 30 years almost without interruption, has been produced by the Directorate-General of the National Police (DGPN). On the occasion of the release of a [second part of the survey](https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/le-nombre-de-sanctions-dans-la-police-au-plus-bas-ces-deux-dernieres-annees-20210627_6IIAKHJWQVGM7MUMIJSCV3JKBQ/), on 27 June 2021, these data were updated. From now on to the years 2019 and 2020. The most comprehensive figures relate to the last decade. Those for 2019 and 2020 were obtained by _Libération_ after a request to the Commission for Access to Administrative Documents (Cada). Figures from previous years were included in the annual social balance sheets of the National Police. These are documents internal to the institution to which Libération has had access. This _“Social Balance”_ has grown since its appearance in 2009. For example: the 2009 sanctions table does not distinguish between men and women (it is necessary to wait until that of 2011), and lists only six grounds for sanctions. From 2018, there are 22. Data are less complete for 2010. That year, the “Social Balance”_ mentions the nature of the sanctions, but not their reasons. Same for the years 2004-2008: the nature of the sanctions, their number, but not their motives are known (through the “Social Basilan”_ 2009). The same is true for the decade 1990-1999, for which our data come from the Official Gazette of the Senate of 12 October 2000, which we obtained from the archives of the upper house of Parliament. The file **sanctionspolice_1990-2020.ods** contains all these data. The file **readme.txt** contains additional explanations on this spreadsheet. The only major break in our statistical series: the years 2000-2003 (for our survey we used indirect sources for those years). As for the number of national police officers (a figure necessary to calculate the penalty rate), for the years 2009-2020 they are included in the file **police.csv** staff (also from a request to the Cada, and from the social balance sheets of the police). These figures are set at 31 December of each year. For example, the approximately 10 000 security assistants, who have the status of contract agents, are not part of the incumbent staff, and a different regime of penalties applies to them. It should be recalled that these figures list the penalties imposed, but not the officials sanctioned (theoretically, an agent may appear several times in the table). In addition, a disciplinary sanction is imposed following disciplinary proceedings, internal to the institution, which is not the result of a judicial investigation.本数据集源自针对法国警察内部控制的调查（链接：https://www.liberation.fr/france/2021/01/21/sanctions-dans-la-police-les-chiffres-d-une-impunite-croissante_1818189/），《解放报》（*Libération*）披露并公开了该机构的纪律处分相关数据（链接：https://www.liberation.fr/france/2021/01/21/du-blame-a-l-exclusion-mode-d-emploi_1818190/），数据涵盖处分数量、事由、严重程度等维度。该数据集覆盖近30年近乎不间断的记录，由法国国家警察总局（Directorate-General of the National Police, DGPN）编制。 2021年6月27日，该调查的第二部分内容正式发布（链接：https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/le-nombre-de-sanctions-dans-la-police-au-plus-bas-ces-deux-dernieres-annees-20210627_6IIAKHJWQVGM7MUMIJSCV3JKBQ/），本次同步更新了数据集，补充至2019年与2020年数据。 本数据集覆盖最全面的时段为近十年。其中2019年与2020年的数据是《解放报》通过向行政文件获取委员会（Commission for Access to Administrative Documents, Cada）提出申请后获得的。此前年份的数据则源自法国国家警察的年度社会平衡报告，该类内部文件为《解放报》所获取。该“社会平衡报告”自2009年首次发布以来逐步完善：例如2009年的处分统计表格未区分性别（该区分直至2011年的报告才实现），且仅列出6项处分事由；自2018年起，处分事由增至22项。 2010年的数据完整性稍逊：当年的“社会平衡报告”仅提及处分类型，未记录处分事由。2004年至2008年的数据同理，仅可获取处分类型与数量，无法得知处分动机（相关信息来自2009年的“社会平衡报告”）。 1990年至1999年的十年数据亦存在类似局限，该时段的数据源自2000年10月12日的《参议院官方公报》，此资料由法国议会参议院档案库获取。 数据集文件**sanctionspolice_1990-2020.ods**收纳了全部上述数据，配套文件**readme.txt**则包含该电子表格的补充说明。 本统计序列唯一的重大断点为2000年至2003年，该时段的数据通过间接来源获取。 用于计算处分率的法国国家警察在职人数数据，2009年至2020年的版本收录于**police.csv**人员文件中，该数据同样来自向行政文件获取委员会的申请以及警方社会平衡报告。统计节点为每年的12月31日。例如，约1万名拥有合同工身份的安保助理不属于在职在编人员，其适用的处分规则与在编人员不同。 需特别说明的是，本数据集统计的是已作出的处分决定，而非受处分的警务人员（理论上，一名警务人员可能在表格中多次出现）。此外，纪律处分系经警方内部纪律程序作出，并非司法调查的结果。