Movies with mention to LGBTQ+ on plot-keywords [1909-2019]

IMDb was the only source from which data was extracted. The sample was constructed using the tool search engines, filtering “feature films” (over 45 min of lentgh), excluding “adult titles” and excluding “released”. In order to obtain a comprehensive length of time, all productions from 1895 to December 2019 were included according to a search carried out in March 2020. To collect only those films that could have detailed information, the number of items was limited to those with over 50 user ratings (N = 119809) as a way of minimally controlling the popularity of the published work. In the resulting sample (N = 1768), the presence of descriptors in the field “plot” was coded, designating different terms related to the LGBTQ+ community. Those included the following terms and their variants with similar etymology: homosexual (homo/homosexuality), gay, lesbian, trans (transsexual, transgender) and queer. After adding those productions that had a descriptor term from this list in the keywords field, the total of the items corresponding to these categories was 9409 films. This decision responds to the need to reflect in the sample films in which there is representation of the group, but it is not necessarily part of the plot or is revealed through the course of it. It is also supported by the documentary tradition, according to which keywords tend to overlap with the plot or summary (La Barre & de Novais Cordeiro, 2012, p. 241). The following information was extracted from each item (movie): • Production by country and production by language in each year. In co-productions, only the first producing country was considered and the other countries discarded. • Identity of the group (gay, lesbian, trans, etc.) as per the plot keywords. Several identities and expressions such as transsexuality and transgender have been included under the label “trans” as it was impossible to recognize the correct expression from the labels provided by IMDb. • Cinema genres. Using the first two descriptors, a list of genre pairs was created, which were later grouped into 13 generic categories, as per the formal qualities of the theme: Drama (any combinations of the drama category that were not included in other categories), Comedy (combinations including comedy that were not considered in other categories), Action/Adventure, Melodrama (Drama + Comedy), Horror, Crime (including thrillers), Fantasy (including Science Fiction), Biography (in both fictional and documentary forms), Documentary (excluding biographies and fake documentaries but including News), Romantic Comedy (Romance + Comedy), Animation (excluding documentary formats) and Music/Musical feature films. • Age ratings. Parental Advisory guidelines have changed significantly over the decades, from the first classifications in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States to today. In order to establish a suitable comparison, the descriptor provided by IMDb, which is usually established by the MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America), was used. When this was omitted, the descriptor used was determined as per the recommended age: Universal, Parental Guidance (PG), 12-13, 14-16, 17-18, as well as X and banned, according to the historical equivalence as provided by IMDd (2020). Data was pooled to consider evolution by historical periods and trends in a single group or correlational ex post facto design. Subsequently, the data was analyzed with the statistical package SPSS v.26. To visualize the main trends from the data, Tableau 2020 software was used.本研究数据集的唯一数据来源为IMDb（Internet Movie Database，互联网电影数据库）。样本通过搜索引擎工具构建：筛选时长超过45分钟的故事片（feature films），排除成人题材影片与已发布作品。为覆盖完整的时间跨度，本研究基于2020年3月的检索结果，纳入了1895年至2019年12月期间的全部影视作品。为仅保留具备详细信息的影片，研究将样本限定为获得50条以上用户评分的作品，初始样本量为N=119809，以此最小化控制已发布作品的受众热度影响。 最终筛选得到的样本量为N=1768，研究人员对该样本的剧情（plot）字段中与LGBTQ+社群相关的描述词进行编码标注，涵盖以下术语及其词源相近的变体：同性恋（homosexual，含homo/homosexuality变体）、男同（gay）、女同（lesbian）、跨性别（trans，涵盖transsexual与transgender）以及酷儿（queer）。后续将关键词（keywords）字段中包含上述列表内描述词的影视作品纳入统计范畴，最终此类题材的影片总数为9409部。 该统计规则旨在覆盖社群代表性得到体现的影片，即便相关元素未必属于剧情主线或随剧情推进才被揭示。该规则同时符合影视文献的传统标注习惯，即关键词往往与剧情或剧情概要存在重叠（La Barre & de Novais Cordeiro, 2012, 第241页）。 本研究从每部影片中提取以下信息： • 各年度的出品国家与出品语言。对于合拍片，仅统计第一出品国，其余出品国予以剔除。 • 基于剧情关键词的社群身份标签（如男同、女同、跨性别等）。由于无法从IMDb提供的标签中准确区分跨性（transsexuality）与跨性别（transgender）等表述，故将其统一归类为“跨性别（trans）”标签下。 • 电影类型。研究首先选取前两个类型描述词，生成类型对列表，随后根据主题的形式属性将其划分为13个通用类别：剧情片（不含其他分类下的剧情组合）、喜剧片（不含其他分类下的喜剧组合）、动作/冒险片、情节剧（剧情+喜剧）、恐怖片、犯罪片（含惊悚片）、奇幻片（含科幻片）、传记片（含虚构与纪实形式）、纪录片（不含传记片与伪纪录片，但含新闻纪录片）、浪漫喜剧片（爱情+喜剧）、动画片（不含纪实动画）以及音乐/歌舞片。 • 年龄分级。数十年来家长指导分级标准历经重大变革，从英国、德国与美国的早期分级体系发展至今。为保证跨时期的可比性，研究采用IMDb通常由美国电影协会（MPAA，Motion Picture Association）制定的分级标签。若该标签缺失，则依据IMDb（2020）提供的历史对应关系，将分级确定为以下类别：全年龄段、家长指导级（PG）、12-13岁、14-16岁、17-18岁，以及X级与禁映级别。 本研究采用事后相关设计，按历史时期与趋势对数据进行汇总分析。随后使用统计软件SPSS v.26对数据进行分析，并借助Tableau 2020可视化数据的主要趋势。