A Foundational Alternative Cosmology Without Time or Expanding Space

This work introduces an alternative cosmological model that rejects the concepts of time and spatial expansion. Instead, it proposes a universe governed by classical velocity addition and photonic energy dissipation. Redshift is interpreted as a logarithmic function of distance, resulting from cumulative energy loss of photons during intergalactic travel — not from the expansion of space. A comparative analysis with standard and alternative redshift models demonstrates consistency with observed data (SDSS, HDF), without invoking dark energy or relativistic effects. This version is published to establish priority of authorship. alternative cosmology tired light redshift classical physics velocity addition non-relativistic model photonic energy loss cosmic microwave background expanding universe critique independent research