Leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection with worldwide prevalence, is caused by pathogenic spirochaetes of Leptospira spp., and exhibits an extremely broad clinical spectrum in human patients. Although pr
aNasal lavages were collected from age-matched or clinical hamsters with HY TME. For bioassay, 50 µl of nasal lavage was inoculated into 3 to 6 hamsters per sample and the duration until onset of clin
