Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM]: Adult Population Survey Data Set, 1998-2017

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998 and by 2012 over 100 countries had been involved in the program. The initial design for the GEM initiative was based on the first US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, and by 2012 data from 1,827,513 individuals had been gathered in 563 national samples and 6 specialized regional samples. This dataset is a harmonized file capturing results from all of the surveys. The procedure has been to harmonize the basic items across all surveys in all years, followed by implementing a standardized transform to identify those active as nascent entrepreneurs in the start-up process, as owner-managers of new firms, or as owner-managers of established firms. Those identified as nascent entrepreneurs or new business owners are the basis for the Total Entrepreneurial Activity [TEA] or Total Early-Stage index. This harmonized, consolidated assessment not only facilitates comparisons across countries, but provides a basis for temporal comparisons for individual countries. Respondents were queried on the following main topics: general entrepreneurship, start-up activities, ownership and management of the firm, and business angels (angel investors). Respondents were initially screened by way of a series of general questions pertaining to starting a business, such as whether they were currently trying to start a new business, whether they knew anyone who had started a new business, whether they thought it was a good time to start a new business, as well as their perceptions of the income potential and the prestige associated with starting a new business. Demographic variables include respondent age, sex, and employment status.全球创业观察（Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM）研究计划旨在开展跨国比较，聚焦成年人参与企业创建进程的相关情况。该计划的首批调研数据于1998年通过5个国家的预测试项目汇总完成，至2012年，参与该计划的国家已超过100个。GEM计划的初始设计框架源自美国首项创业动态追踪研究（Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics）；至2012年，该计划已通过563个全国性抽样样本与6个专业区域抽样样本，累计收集了1827513名个体的调研数据。本数据集为整合所有调研成果的标准化文件。其标准化处理流程为：先统一各年度所有调研的基础条目，再通过标准化转换规则，识别出三类群体：处于企业创建筹备阶段的萌芽创业者、新创企业所有者兼管理者，以及成熟企业所有者兼管理者。被认定为萌芽创业者或新创企业所有者的群体，是总创业活动（Total Entrepreneurial Activity, TEA）即总早期阶段创业指数的核心统计样本基础。这一经过标准化整合的评估数据集，不仅为跨国创业活动比较提供了便利，也为单个国家的跨时间纵向比较搭建了研究基础。调研对象需回答以下四大核心议题：广义创业认知、创业筹备活动、企业所有权与经营管理，以及天使投资人（angel investors）相关内容。调研对象首先需通过一系列与创业筹备相关的基础问题完成初筛，具体包括：当前是否正在筹备创办新企业、是否认识已成功创办新企业的人士、是否认为当前是创办新企业的适宜时机，以及对创业的收入潜力与社会声望的主观感知等。调研所涵盖的人口统计变量包括受访者年龄、性别与就业状态。