Supplementary for Reclaiming Action Research in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Inclusive, and Multicultural Learning Practices from Asian Contexts

File List and Descriptions SM01_Methodological_Quality_Appraisal.pdf Description: Critical appraisal of each included study's methodological rigour, using criteria appropriate to diverse research traditions. For empirical studies, we assessed clarity of research design, appropriateness of methods, transparency of analysis, and evidence of reflexivity. For conceptual papers, we evaluated theoretical coherence, argumentative logic, and contribution to the field. Each of the 121 studies is rated as high, medium, or low quality, with justification notes provided. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 7 sheets: (1) Overview, (2) Qualitative Studies, (3) Quantitative Studies, (4) Mixed-Methods Studies, (5) Conceptual Papers, (6) Summary Statistics, (7) Quality Definitions. SM02_Matrix_Quality_Assessment.pdf Description: Evaluation of the completeness and consistency of data extraction across all analytical matrices. Three independent researchers verified a 20% random sample of studies to ensure coding reliability. This file presents inter-rater agreement scores, discrepancies identified, and resolution protocols for thematic analysis, CIMO extraction, and SWOT coding. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 4 sheets: (1) Inter-Rater Agreement, (2) Discrepancy Log, (3) Resolution Protocol, (4) Final Verification. SM03_PICo_Element_Mapping.pdf Description: Verification table confirming that each included study aligns with the Population, Interest, and Context dimensions of the research questions. For each of the 121 studies, we document the specific population examined, the AI/technology focus, the Asian context, and a justification for inclusion. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 2 sheets: (1) Full Mapping Matrix (121 rows), (2) Context Classification by Region (East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle Eastern Asia, Pacific Islands, Diaspora). SM04_Thematic_Analysis_Matrix.pdf Description: Complete thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's (2006) six-phase approach. For each study, we identify core themes, subthemes, empirical patterns, and representative quotations or findings. Themes are organised by research question and cross-cutting conceptual dimensions (participation, reflexivity, empowerment, praxis; voice, agency, cultural legitimacy, relational ethics). Format: Excel spreadsheet with 6 sheets: (1) RQ1 Themes, (2) RQ2 Themes, (3) RQ3 Themes, (4) Cross-Cutting Themes, (5) Theme Definitions, (6) Coding Hierarchy. SM05_SWOT_Profiles.pdf Description: Complete SWOT analysis for each included study, identifying Strengths (empirical evidence of what works), Weaknesses (structural constraints, methodological limitations), Opportunities (systemic leverage points, scalability potential), and Threats (risks of escalation, ethical hazards). Each study includes a strategic implications statement. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 5 sheets: (1) Full SWOT Matrix (121 rows), (2) Strength Summary, (3) Weakness Summary, (4) Opportunity Summary, (5) Threat Summary. SM06_CIMO_Frameworks.pdf Description: Complete CIMO (Context–Intervention–Mechanism–Outcome) analysis for each included study. For each study, we extract or infer: Context (setting, population, cultural factors), Intervention (action research design, AI integration), Mechanism (generative process explaining outcomes), and Outcome (observed results, intended or unintended). Where authors explicitly theorised mechanisms, their framings are honoured. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 6 sheets: (1) Full CIMO Matrix (121 rows), (2) Mechanism Glossary, (3) Context Typology, (4) Intervention Types, (5) Outcome Categories, (6) Boundary Conditions. SM07_Integrative_Meta-Matrix.pdf Description: The master synthesis matrix integrating all analytical outputs. For each of the 121 studies, this file cross-tabulates: bibliographic information, PICo mapping, thematic contributions, CIMO components, SWOT profiles, quality ratings, and contributions to the five design principles. This matrix serves as both the analytical foundation and an audit trail for all claims made in the article. Format: Excel spreadsheet with 3 sheets: (1) Full Meta-Matrix (121 rows × 45 columns), (2) Design Principle Crosswalk, (3) Study Cluster Classification.