Macroevolution along developmental lines of least resistance

A reigning paradigm in biology is that short-term evolution can be predicted from measures of genetic variation within populations, but that the accuracy of such predictions should decay with time. Here, we show that intrinsic developmental variability and standing genetic variation in wing shape of the two flies, Drosophila melanogaster and Sepsis punctum, are tightly aligned and predict deep divergence in the dipteran phylogeny, spanning >900 taxa and 185 My of evolution. This finding is hard to reconcile with constraint hypotheses invoking a lack of genetic variation as the reason for slow-evolving wing traits unless most of the observed variability is associated with deleterious side effects and effectively unusable for evolution. However, phenotyping of 71 genetic lines of S. punctum revealed no association between variation in wing shape and fitness correlates unrelated to flight, lending no credence to this hypothesis. We also find no evidence for genetic constraints on the pa..., Quantifying wing shape and divergence across fly taxa We focus on the evolution of wing shape within the Eremoneura, a clade within the Brachycera characterized by the presence of three larval instars. This clade is about 185 million years old and includes the dance and long-legged flies (Empidoidea) as well as the Cyclorrhapha (flies that pupate within the cuticle of the last larval instar (i.e., the puparium)). To quantify the morphological variation within and between families, we took advantage of illustrations and pictures of fly wings from the taxonomic and systematic literature. An initial data set was sourced from the Manuals of Nearctic Diptera and the Manuals of Afrotropical Diptera . We focused on those families that are represented in the phylogenetic hypothesis generated by Bayless et al.. Additional pictures and illustrations were collected from a wide range of publications. We only included observations where the location of all 11 two-dimensional landmarks used in Rohne..., , # **Data from: Macroevolution along developmental lines of least resistance** [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.08kprr599](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.08kprr599) ## Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains three files. One file contains all wing shape coordinates that were sourced from the literature. The second file contains wing shape information used to compare shape data sourced from the literature to those generated from pictures. The third file contains average wing shape data and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) for five different fitness components. Missing data is indicated with \"NA\". Each file contains a separate sheet with a more detailed variable description. #### Description of variables in DRYAD\_all\_shape\_data.xlsx | variable | description | | :------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | ID | unique numerical identifier ...生物学领域的主流范式认为，可以通过种群内的遗传变异度量来预测短期演化，但此类预测的准确性会随时间推移而下降。本研究表明，黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）与斑须黑蝇（Sepsis punctum）的翅形内在发育变异与留存遗传变异紧密匹配，且可预测双翅目系统发育中的深层分化，该分析覆盖了超过900个类群与1.85亿年的演化历程。这一发现与"演化缓慢的翅形性状因缺乏遗传变异而受到约束"的约束假说难以兼容，除非绝大多数观测到的变异都与有害副作用相关，且实际上无法用于演化。然而，对斑须黑蝇71个遗传品系的表型分型结果显示，翅形变异与非飞行相关的适合度相关性状之间并无关联，因此该假说缺乏实证支持。我们同样未发现翅形演化存在遗传约束的证据…… 跨蝇类类群的翅形量化与分化分析 本研究聚焦于离翅亚群（Eremoneura）内的翅形演化，该类群是短角亚目（Brachycera）下的一个演化支，以具有3个幼虫龄期为特征。该演化支距今约1.85亿年，涵盖舞虻和长足虻总科（Empidoidea）以及环裂亚目（Cyclorrhapha，即最后一龄幼虫的表皮形成蛹壳的蝇类）。 为量化各科内及各科间的形态变异，我们利用了分类学与系统学文献中的蝇类翅部插图与图像。初始数据集源自《新北界双翅目手册》与《非洲热带界双翅目手册》。本研究聚焦于Bayless等人构建的系统发育假说中涵盖的各科类群。此外，我们还从大量公开文献中补充收集了翅部图像与插图。 我们仅纳入了采用Rohne等人所用的全部11个二维地标位置的观测数据…… # **数据来源：沿最小发育阻力路径的宏观演化** [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.08kprr599](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.08kprr599) ## 数据与文件结构说明 本数据集包含3个文件：第一个文件包含所有从文献中获取的翅形坐标数据；第二个文件包含用于比对文献来源翅形数据与图像衍生翅形数据的翅形信息；第三个文件包含5个不同适合度组分的平均翅形数据与最佳线性无偏预测值（best linear unbiased predictors, BLUPs）。缺失数据以"NA"标识。每个文件均包含单独的工作表，用于详细说明各变量。 #### DRYAD_all_shape_data.xlsx 变量说明 | 变量名 | 变量说明 | | :------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | ID | 唯一数值标识符 ...