Supplementary information for: A new tiny fossil penguin from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand and the morphofunctional transition of the penguin wing

The Late Oligocene is a period of high penguin diversity, following major changes in the marine environment at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and prior to the emergence of crown penguins in the Miocene. Historically, a large morphological gap existed between the most crownward Platydyptes among the Oligocene penguins from New Zealand and the Early Miocene stem penguins such as Palaeospheniscus and Eretiscus from South America. Here we describe a new species that contributes to filling this gap. Pakudyptes hakataramea gen. et sp. nov. is the earliest tiny penguin, overlapping in size with the smallest extant species, the little penguin Eudyptula minor. Its distinctive combination of a well-developed proximal end of the humerus and a rather archaic elbow joint provides clues to the evolution of penguin wings. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that penguin wings evolved rapidly from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene, together with the acquisition of morphofunctional and hydrodynamical c..., , , # Supplementary information for: A new tiny fossil penguin from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand and the morphofunctional transition of the penguin wing

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This is the supplementary information consisting of four files for the manuscript entitled \"A new tiny fossil penguin from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand and the morphofunctional transition of the penguin wing\".

List of materials.xlsx: the list of the materials for comparison, table, and figures.

Pakudyptes_hakataramea.tnt: the .tnt file for the phylogenetic analysys.

Modification of the character states and the coding.docx: The description of the modified character description and the coding.

Supplementary Table S1.xlsx: A table showing the variation of the wing angles in extant and stem penguins.