The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum

The Tatra Mountains extend along the border between Slovakia and Poland in the Western Carpathians. It is the highest and formerly one of the most glaciated massifs in the entire Carpathian mountain chain. We present a paleoglaciological map of the Tatra Mts. and its foreland (ca. 1270 km2) for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at the scale 1:50 000. We re-evaluate geomorphological evidence for all Tatra glacial systems identified in the literature based on new field mapping and remote sensing data analysis. Utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) and 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) as a base topography, we have reconstructed, for the first time, the detailed extent and surface geometry of all Tatra LGM glaciers (55 glacier systems, total area ca. 280 km2) based on the distribution of glacial erosional and depositional landforms. Our research results confirm stronger glaciation on the southern slopes of the Tatras due to local topography. We also conclude that distinct morainic amphitheaters, which predominate on the southern side of the highest, eastern part of the Tatras, were formed by debris-covered glaciers.塔特拉山脉（Tatra Mountains）坐落于西喀尔巴阡山脉的斯洛伐克与波兰边境沿线，是喀尔巴阡山系中海拔最高的山脉，同时曾是整个喀尔巴阡山脉体系中冰川作用最为发育的地块之一。本数据集提供了比例尺为1:50000的塔特拉山脉及其前陆地区（总面积约1270平方千米）的末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）古冰川学地图。本研究基于全新的野外填图与遥感数据分析工作，重新评估了文献中已记载的所有塔特拉冰川系统的地貌学证据。本研究以地理信息系统（geographic information systems, GIS）与10米分辨率数字高程模型（digital elevation model, DEM）作为基础地形数据，首次基于冰川侵蚀与沉积地貌的分布特征，重建了塔特拉山脉所有末次冰盛期冰川（共计55个冰川系统，总面积约280平方千米）的详细分布范围与表面几何形态。研究结果证实，受局地地形影响，塔特拉山脉南坡的冰川作用强度更强。本研究同时得出结论：塔特拉山脉最高海拔东段南侧广泛分布的典型冰碛围谷，均为被碎屑覆盖的冰川所塑造。