Data from: Using text-mined trait data to test for cooperate-and-radiate co-evolution between ants and plants

Mutualisms may be “key innovations” that spur lineage diversification by augmenting niche breadth, geographic range, or population size, thereby increasing speciation rates or decreasing extinction rates. Whether mutualism accelerates diversification in both interacting lineages is an open question. Research suggests that plants that attract ant mutualists have higher diversification rates than non-ant associated lineages. We ask whether the reciprocal is true: does the interaction between ants and plants also accelerate diversification in ants, i.e. do ants and plants cooperate-and-radiate? We used a novel text-mining approach to determine which ant species associate with plants in defensive or seed dispersal mutualisms. We investigated patterns of lineage diversification across a recent ant phylogeny using BiSSE, BAMM, and HiSSE models. Ants that associate mutualistically with plants had elevated diversification rates compared to non-mutualistic ants in the BiSSE model, with a similar trend in BAMM, suggesting ants and plants cooperate-and-radiate. However, the best-fitting model was a HiSSE model with a hidden state, meaning that diversification models that do no account for unmeasured traits are inappropriate to assess the relationship between mutualism and ant diversification. Against a backdrop of diversification rate heterogeneity, the best-fitting HiSSE model found that mutualism actually decreases diversification: mutualism evolved much more frequently in rapidly diversifying ant lineages, but then subsequently slowed diversification. Thus, it appears that ant lineages first radiated, then cooperated with plants.互利共生（Mutualisms）或可作为"关键创新"，通过拓展生态位宽度、扩大地理分布范围或提升种群规模来推动谱系分化，进而提高成种速率、降低灭绝速率。互利共生是否能同时推动两个互作谱系的分化，仍是一个悬而未决的科学问题。已有研究显示，能够吸引蚂蚁形成互利共生关系的植物，其谱系分化速率高于未与蚂蚁建立关联的类群。我们在此提出反向设问：蚂蚁与植物的互作是否也会推动蚂蚁类群的分化？换言之，二者是否会通过合作实现协同辐射？我们采用一种创新性的文本挖掘方法，筛选出与植物形成防御性或种子传播型互利共生关系的蚂蚁物种。我们基于一套新近构建的蚂蚁系统发育树，运用二元状态物种形成与灭绝模型（BiSSE）、宏观演化混合贝叶斯分析模型（BAMM）以及隐态物种形成与灭绝模型（HiSSE），对谱系分化模式展开分析。在BiSSE模型中，与植物形成互利共生关系的蚂蚁类群，其分化速率显著高于非互利共生的蚂蚁类群；BAMM模型也呈现出相似的趋势，这提示蚂蚁与植物确实存在协同辐射现象。然而，拟合效果最优的模型为带有隐态的HiSSE模型，这意味着未考虑未观测性状的分化模型，并不适用于评估互利共生与蚂蚁谱系分化之间的关联。在分化速率存在异质性的背景下，拟合效果最优的HiSSE模型揭示，互利共生实则会降低分化速率：快速分化的蚂蚁类群中，互利共生性状的演化频率更高，但随后其分化速率会被放缓。由此可见，蚂蚁类群似乎先完成自身的辐射演化，再与植物建立合作关系。