Thermal tolerance of Lasius americanus across urbanization and geographical gradients

Cities are emerging as a new venue to overcome the challenges of obtaining data on compensatory responses to climatic warming through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. In this review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming and also how cities can be used as human-made space-for-time substitutions. We synthesized the current literature and found evidence for significant plasticity and evolution in thermal tolerance trait responses to urban heat islands. For those studies that reported both plastic and evolved components of thermal tolerance, we found evidence that both mechanisms contributed to phenotypic shifts in thermal tolerance, rather than plastic responses precluding or limiting evolved responses. Interestingly though, for a broader range of studies, we found that the magnitude of evolved shifts in thermal tolerance was not significantly different from the magnitude of shift in those studies that only repor...城市正成为一种全新的研究载体，助力解决通过表型可塑性（phenotypic plasticity）与进化变化获取气候变暖补偿响应数据的相关难题。在本综述中，我们着重阐释了城市可被用于探究生理性状对实验性增温的响应，以及城市如何作为人为构建的空间替代时间研究法（space-for-time substitution）载体。我们对现有文献进行综合分析后发现，针对城市热岛（urban heat islands）的热耐受性状响应中，存在显著的可塑性与进化变化证据。对于同时报道了热耐受可塑性与进化组分的相关研究，我们发现两种机制均推动了热耐受的表型改变，而非可塑性响应阻碍或限制了进化响应。不过值得注意的是，在涵盖范围更广的研究中，我们发现热耐受的进化改变幅度与那些仅报道（原文未完整显示）...