Supplementary Material for: Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Evidence-based Review

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic and recurrent autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects the skin. It may cause alterations in appearance and psychological distress, thereby exerting an impact on the quality of life. Consequently, the pursuit of safer, more effective, and more convenient therapeutic approaches is of paramount importance. To assess the efficacy and safety of treatments for cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a systematic electronic search was conducted in the following databases to identify clinical studies on the prevention and treatment of CLE: PubMed, MEDLINE (OVID), Web of Science, and CENTRAL. After the search, relevant literature was included based on pre-established criteria, and the results were analyzed. Existing research evidence suggests that topical treatments are generally regarded as a first-line option for CLE owing to their convenience and safety, particularly for milder lesions or those limited to the skin. In contrast, systemic therapies are more appropriate for patients with severe conditions or those at risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Currently, the precise mechanisms of action of CLE treatments have not been fully elucidated. The therapeutic potential of some novel therapies and their complex roles in disease progression remain unclear, necessitating further basic and clinical research for clarification.