Long-Term Impacts of Migration Survey 2013-14 - New Zealand, Tonga

Abstract
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These data consist of a long-term follow-up of applicants to a migration visa lottery. Tongan households were surveyed as migrants in New Zealand, or non-migrants in Tonga. It was used to examine the long-term impacts of international migration by comparing immigrants who had successful ballot entries in a migration lottery program, and first moved almost a decade ago, with people who had unsuccessful entries into those same ballots. It was additionally used to study how migrating from a poor country to a rich country affects economic beliefs, preference parameters, and household decision-making efficiency. In a ten-year follow-up survey of applicants to a migration lottery program we elicit risk and time preferences and pro-market beliefs for the migrants and the unsuccessful applicants. The successful and the unsuccessful applicants are each linked to closest relative households, who would stay in the home country if the applicant moved, to play lab-in-the-field games that measure intra-family trust and the efficiency of intra-family decision-making.

Geographic coverage
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The survey covers Tongans who applied to the 2002-05 Pacific Access Category migration visa program, along with linked households of their family members. This involved surveying in both New Zealand and Tonga (along with a small number of surveys of movers to third countries).

Analysis unit
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Data are collected at both the individual and household level

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Our population of interest consists of entrants to the 2002 to 2005 PAC migration lotteries. There were a total of 4,696 principal applicants of whom 367 were randomly selected as ballot winners (figure 2). Official records provided by the New Zealand immigration authorities in late 2012 show that 307 of these winners (84%) had residency applications approved and had ever migrated to New Zealand. The remaining 60 ballot winners did not migrate and are thus non-compliers to the treatment of migration.

Our main survey involved an extensive face-to-face interview, which also collected anthropometrics, blood pressure, peak lung flow, and included lab-in-the-field games. Of the 307 principal applicants ever migrating to New Zealand, 133 completed the full survey between late 2013 and the end of 2014. In order to bolster our sample size, in early 2015 we fielded a shortened survey that did not include health measurements or the lab-in-field games. This was mainly done as a telephone interview and was designed to reach those who had on-migrated beyond New Zealand or were located in parts of New Zealand that were impractical for face-to-face interviewing, although we also learned, through snowball effects, of more migrants in our face-to-face survey area and gave them the short survey as well. Overall, 61 additional ballot winners who had ever migrated to New Zealand were given the short survey, including 11 who had now on-migrated to Australia (ten) and the UK (one). In total, we were able to survey 194 households with principal applicants who ever migrated to New Zealand after winning the ballot.

We had even less information available for the ballot losers and non-compliers since these individuals had not filled out residency applications. We therefore used the same surveying approach for these groups as we had in our previous survey, which was to sample from the same villages in Tonga from which our migrants originated. Out of 4329 ballot losers, 143 were administered the long form survey and 39 the short survey (of which nine had subsequently moved to New Zealand through alternative pathways, including by winning a later round of the PAC lottery). Finances limited us to this relatively small sample, but, based on our previous research, we judged that it would give us enough power to measure economically significant impacts. An advantage of surveying from the same origin villages is that we can implicitly control for any unobserved characteristics that vary spatially in Tonga. Finally, we have a small sample of nine non-compliers; six who received the long survey and three the short survey. This is out of a population of 60 non-compliers, which hence made it difficult to find many individuals in this group.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Four separate questionnaires were administered:
- a survey for migrant households in New Zealand
- a survey for non-migrant households in Tonga
- a survey of linked partner households
- a short survey

摘要
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本数据集包含对移民签证抽签计划申请者的长期跟踪调查。调查对象为在纽西兰的汤加家庭（作为移民）和在汤加的非移民家庭。数据被用于研究国际移民的长期影响，通过比较在移民抽签计划中成功获得选票并在近十年前首次迁移的移民，与未能进入同一选票的申请者进行对比。此外，数据还被用于研究从贫穷国家迁移到富裕国家如何影响经济信仰、偏好参数和家庭决策效率。在针对移民抽签计划申请者的十年跟踪调查中，我们收集了移民和未成功申请者的风险和时效偏好以及对市场信仰的表述。成功和未成功的申请者均与最接近的亲属家庭相联系，这些家庭如果申请者迁移，将留在本国，参与实验室现场游戏，以衡量家庭内部的信任和家庭决策效率。
地理覆盖范围
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调查覆盖了申请2002-05年太平洋通道类别移民签证计划的汤加人，以及其家庭成员的关联家庭。这包括在纽西兰和汤加（以及少量迁移到第三国的调查）进行调查。
分析单位
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数据收集在个人和家庭层面。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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我们感兴趣的研究对象是2002至2005年PAC抽签移民计划的参与者。共有4,696名主要申请人，其中367人被随机选中为选票赢家（图2）。2012年末纽西兰移民局提供的官方记录显示，其中307名赢家（84%）的居留申请获得批准，并已迁移到纽西兰。剩余的60名选票赢家未迁移，因此不遵守迁移治疗。我们的主要调查涉及广泛的面对面访谈，同时收集了人体测量学数据、血压、肺峰值流量，并包括实验室现场游戏。在307名曾迁移到纽西兰的主要申请人中，有133人在2013年末至2014年底完成了完整调查。为了增加样本量，2015年初我们进行了简化的调查，不包括健康测量或现场实验室游戏。这主要是通过电话访谈进行的，旨在接触那些已迁移到纽西兰之外或位于面对面访谈不便的纽西兰部分地区的人。总体而言，我们还对61名曾迁移到纽西兰的选票赢家进行了简短的调查，包括11名已迁移到澳大利亚（10人）和英国（1人）。总共，我们对194户有主要申请人的家庭进行了调查，这些家庭在赢得选票后曾迁移到纽西兰。
对于选票输家和未遵守者，我们可用的信息更少，因为这些个人未填写居留申请。因此，我们对这些群体采取了与之前调查相同的调查方法，即从我们的移民起源的同一村庄进行抽样。在4329名选票输家中，有143人接受了长表调查，39人接受了简短调查（其中9人通过其他途径迁移到纽西兰，包括赢得后来的PAC抽签回合）。财务限制使我们只能进行这个相对较小的样本，但根据我们之前的研究，我们判断这将为我们提供足够的权力来衡量经济上的显著影响。从同一起源村庄进行调查的优势在于，我们可以隐性地控制汤加空间上变化的任何未观察到的特征。最后，我们还有一个九个未遵守者的样本；其中六人接受了长调查，三人接受了简短调查。这占60个未遵守者的总人口，因此很难在这个群体中找到许多人。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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实施了四份独立的问卷：
- 针对纽西兰移民家庭的调查
- 针对汤加非移民家庭的调查
- 针对关联伙伴家庭的调查
- 简短调查