Non-trophic interactions amplify kelp harvest-induced biomass oscillations and biomass changes in a kelp forest ecological network model

Kelp forests are important marine ecosystems providing habitat for numerous species. Despite over 50 years of mechanical harvesting in the Northeast Atlantic, the indirect impacts of kelp harvesting and associated habitat loss on faunal species within kelp forests remain poorly understood. We investigated the consequences of kelp harvesting by developing an allometric trophic network model for a subtidal Northeast Atlantic kelp forest (dominated by Laminaria hyperborea). Additionally, we designed a novel mechanistic model to explore the non-trophic interactions between kelp and age class 0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and kelp and European lobster (Homarus gammarus), specifically focusing on the increased survival benefits provided by the kelp habitat. Simulations were conducted over a 50-year period, incorporating harvesting cycles of 2, 5, and 9 years, as well as low and high harvesting intensities. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics resulting from kelp harvesting. The recovery o...