Data from: Social setting, intuition and experience in laboratory experiments interact to shape cooperative decision-making

Recent studies suggest that cooperative decision-making in one-shot interactions is a history-dependent dynamic process: promoting intuition versus deliberation typically has a positive effect on cooperation (dynamism) among people living in a cooperative setting and with no previous experience in economic games on cooperation (history dependence). Here, we report on a laboratory experiment exploring how these findings transfer to a non-cooperative setting. We find two major results: (i) promoting intuition versus deliberation has no effect on cooperative behaviour among inexperienced subjects living in a non-cooperative setting; (ii) experienced subjects cooperate more than inexperienced subjects, but only under time pressure. These results suggest that cooperation is a learning process, rather than an instinctive impulse or a self-controlled choice, and that experience operates primarily via the channel of intuition. Our findings shed further light on the cognitive basis of human cooperative decision-making and provide further support for the recently proposed social heuristics hypothesis.现有研究表明，单次互动中的合作决策属于依赖过往经历的动态过程：在合作情境且无合作类经济博弈既往经验的群体中，诱导直觉思考相较于审慎思考通常可对合作行为产生积极影响——此即所谓的「动态性」（dynamism），而该合作决策过程本身亦具有历史依赖性（history dependence）。本研究通过实验室实验，探究上述结论能否推广至非合作情境中。本研究得到两项核心结论：(1) 对于身处非合作情境且无相关博弈经验的实验被试而言，诱导直觉思考与审慎思考对其合作行为无显著影响；(2) 有经验的实验被试合作意愿高于无经验被试，但该差异仅在时间压力条件下显现。上述结果提示，人类的合作行为本质上是一种学习过程，而非本能冲动或自主控制的选择，且过往经验主要通过直觉路径发挥调节作用。本研究成果进一步揭示了人类合作决策的认知基础，并为新近提出的社会启发式假说（social heuristics hypothesis）提供了额外的实证支撑。