Fold decrease in virulence gene expression of Salmonella in vivo and in vitroa.

aIn vivo gene expression: Salmonella cells were from the cecum of the chickens on day 3 post-infection after LAB treatments; in vitro gene expression: Salmonella cells were from the cultures that had been co-cultured for 14 h with the extracellular culture fluid (ECF) from 16 h-grown L. zeaeLB1 cultures. Values were expressed as mean ± standard error. The fold-change of target gene was analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The values derived from 2−ΔΔCt represent fold changes of samples in the abundance relative to the reference groups. In the in vivo experiment, the reference group was the positive control chicken group (n = 5) that had been treated with Salmonella only. In the in vitro experiment, the reference samples were the Salmonella cultures (n = 3) that had been treated with the MRS medium instead of the ECF from L. zeaeLB1 cultures. The reference samples in both in vivo and in vitro experiments have the 2−ΔΔCt value of 1.*Values in the same row indicate significant differences (Pin vivo experiment. Values represent down-regulation (fold-decrease) of gene expression.#Value for each gene represents a significant difference (Pin vitro experiment. Values represent down-regulation (fold-decrease) of gene expression except for the value in bold that was up-regulated (fold-increase).