Engineered Nano–Bio Cellular Interfaces: Nanostructural-Electroporation Platform for Intracellular Delivery

The focus of this thesis is to introduce and develop a non-viral, low-voltage, and reusable electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform based on vertically configured electroactive nanotube (NT) arrays. The localisation of electric fields at the NT–cell membrane interface causes minimal disruption to the cell membrane (i.e., transient pore formation), allowing for rapid influx of targeted cargoes from the NTs into the intracellular environment. The developed ENI platform offers a new path for intracellular delivery with broader selection of cargo and cell types, providing a strong potential in opening new opportunities for advanced ex vivo cell engineering.