15th century CE Bolivian maize reveals genetic affinities with ancient Peruvian maize

Previous archaeological and anthropological studies have demonstrated the myriad of ways that cultural and political systems shape access to food and food preferences. However, few studies have conducted a biocultural analysis linking specific genotypic/phenotypic traits as evidence of cultural selection in ancient contexts. Here, we provide insight into this topic through ancient genome data from Bolivia dating to ∼500 BP, included as an offering with the mummified remains of a young girl, including 16 archaeological maize samples spanning at least 5,000 years of evolution, and 226 modern maize samples. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the archaeological Bolivian maize (aBM) has the closest genetic distance to the archaeological maize from ancient Peru, which in turn shared the most similarities with archaeological Peruvian maize. With the increased presence of the Inca state in the central Andes and its interactions with local agricultural traditions, genetic diversity of maize i..., , , # Archaeological Bolivian maize genomes suggest Inca cultural expansion augmented maize diversity in South America We have submitted our final SNP data (final_full_snps.vcf), R script (Geographic-Map.R, common-xpehh_SelectionVScontrol.R , f3.R, PCA.R, and targetgene_within5K.R), and Shell script (mapDamage-array.sh). ## Description of the data and file structure \"final_full_snps.vcf\": contains the snps informations for 17 archaeological samples. ancientaBMComb: archaeological Bolivian maize sample. All the following samples information was obtained from previous publications: [DOI:10.1126/science.aav0207](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0207) [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015560117](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015560117) [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609701113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609701113) ancientArica4: ancient Arica4 sample from Arica, Chile, coastal. ancientArica5: ancient Arica4 sample from Arica, Chile, coastal. ancientEG84: ancient EG84 sample from El...,既往考古学与人类学研究已证实，文化与政治体系通过多元路径影响食物获取途径与饮食偏好。然而，鲜有研究开展生物文化分析，将特定基因型（genotypic）/表型（phenotypic）性状作为古代背景下文化选择的证据进行关联。本研究依托采自玻利维亚、距今约500 BP的古代基因组数据展开相关分析，该样本与一名年轻女孩的木乃伊遗骸一同作为陪葬品出土；本研究数据集还包含16件考古玉米样本（演化历程跨度至少5000年）以及226件现代玉米样本。本研究的系统发育分析显示，考古玻利维亚玉米（archaeological Bolivian maize, aBM）与古秘鲁考古玉米的遗传距离最近，而古秘鲁考古玉米[原文截断]。——# 考古玻利维亚玉米基因组表明印加文化扩张提升了南美玉米遗传多样性 本研究已提交最终单核苷酸多态性（Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP）数据（final_full_snps.vcf）、R脚本（Geographic-Map.R、common-xpehh_SelectionVScontrol.R、f3.R、PCA.R及targetgene_within5K.R）以及Shell脚本（mapDamage-array.sh）。 ## 数据与文件结构说明 "final_full_snps.vcf"：包含17件考古样本的SNP信息。 ancientaBMComb：考古玻利维亚玉米样本。 下述所有样本信息均来自既往发表文献： [DOI:10.1126/science.aav0207](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0207) [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015560117](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015560117) [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609701113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609701113) ancientArica4：采自智利阿里卡沿海地区的古代Arica4样本。 ancientArica5：采自智利阿里卡沿海地区的古代Arica4样本。 ancientEG84：采自El[原文截断]的古代EG84样本。