Vault measurements (cm3, mm) and indices (%) compared to Pleistocene modern humans (significant z-scores in bold).¶

¶Fossil values in round brackets are estimates; above the line μ±σ(n), below the line (min.-max.); z-tests corrected for small comparative sample size; Bonferroni correction not employed as per [56]; sample abbreviations and compositions see Table 4; data sources see Text S2.§Mostly comprises measurements of Herto BOU-VP-16/1.*Equivalent to measurements of Howells [57] and employing his abbreviation.