<b>Ecosystem service multifunctionality data from Colt Park grassland restoration experiment</b>

Our study was based on a long-term grassland management experiment at Colt Park Meadows, Ingleborough National Nature Reserve (Latitude 54°12’N, Longitude 2°21’W, 350 m.a.s.l.) in northern England, United Kingdom. The experiment was established in 1989 and provides a range of management relevant experimental restoration treatments at a field scale. The soil is a shallow brown-earth of moderate-high residual fertility over limestone, and the plant community, when the experiment was established, was described as an agriculturally improved, plant species-poor grassland dominated by <i>Lolium perenne </i>and <i>Cynosurus cristatus</i>. These agriculturally improved grasslands are widespread across northern Europe and are the target of various Environmental Land Management Schemes aimed at enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem service multifunctionality. This restoration experiment included four treatments with their respective controls, namely: low amount of inorganic fertiliser addition (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 20:10:10) at 25 kg nitrogen ha^-1y^-1 farmyard manure addition at 12 t ha^-1 y^-1; addition of both commercial and locally sourced mixed seeds of 19 species to increase plant diversity; and, the promotion of the nitrogen-fixing leguminous herb <i>Trifolium pratense </i>(red clover) by seed addition, which has been shown to increase soil nitrogen and soil carbon sequestration³⁸. The inorganic fertiliser and mixed seed addition treatments were established in 1990, the farmyard manure addition treatment in 1998, and the clover seed addition treatment was added in 2004 and repeated in 2011. Combined in a fully factorial design, this gave 16 different restoration treatment plots, each repeated in 3 blocks in a split plot design to give a total of 48 sampling plots (each 3 × 3m). This design provides a gradient of the number of restoration interventions, ranging from 0 (i.e., control) to a maximum of 4 interventions, along with all possible combinations, allowing for the exploration of the effect of the number of interventions on ecosystem service multifunctionality. Measurements were made over a period of 4 years (2011-2014) to investigate the effects of the 4 restoration treatments, and all their combinations, on a comprehensive range of ecosystem service indicators, including forage production (i.e., hay yield and quality-adjusted hay yield), carbon stocks and sequestration (i.e., aboveground and root biomass, litter and soil carbon stock, microbial carbon content, and net ecosystem exchange), plant diversity conservation value (i.e., plant species richness and Simpson index), pollination (i.e., the abundance of the main taxa of pollinators, namely bumblebees, hoverflies, and other flies), the maintenance of soil nutrients (i.e., soil nitrogen content, microbial nitrogen and phosphorus content, fungal and bacterial biomass) and soil physical stability (i.e., soil aggregation stability and water holding capacity), the regulation of water quality (i.e., leaching from soil of nitrogen and phosphorus), and aesthetic value (i.e., flower abundance and diversity). For those ecosystem service indicators that are greatly influenced by the difference in biotic and abiotic conditions between seasons and years, such as forage production, net ecosystem exchange, and flower abundance and diversity, we conducted multiple measurements in the field.

本研究基于英国英格兰北部英格尔伯勒国家自然保护区科尔特公园草甸（Colt Park Meadows, Ingleborough National Nature Reserve，北纬54°12′，西经2°21′，海拔350米）的长期草地管理实验。该实验于1989年启动，在田块尺度上设置了一系列与管理相关的实验修复处理。实验起始时的土壤为覆盖于石灰岩之上的浅棕色壤土，具备中等偏高的残余肥力；初始植物群落被描述为经农业改良、物种贫乏的草地，以多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和鸭茅（Cynosurus cristatus）为优势种。这类经农业改良的草地在北欧分布广泛，亦是各类旨在提升生物多样性与生态系统服务多功能性（ecosystem service multifunctionality）的环境土地管理计划（Environmental Land Management Schemes）的修复目标对象。本修复实验共设置4种处理及其对应的对照组，分别为：低剂量无机肥施加（氮:磷:钾=20:10:10），施用量为25 kg氮·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹；12 t·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹的农家肥施加；播撒商用及本地采集的19种混合种子以提升植物多样性；通过播撒种子促进固氮豆科草本植物红车轴草（Trifolium pratense）的定植——已有研究表明该物种可提升土壤氮含量与土壤碳固存能力³⁸。其中，无机肥与混合种子播撒处理于1990年启动，农家肥施加处理于1998年启动，红车轴草种子播撒处理于2004年启动并于2011年重复实施。本实验采用完全因子试验设计（fully factorial design），共得到16种不同的修复处理样地，每种处理在裂区设计（split plot design）中设置3个重复区块，总计48个采样样地（每个样地规格为3×3米）。该设计构建了修复干预次数的梯度区间，从0次（即对照组）到最多4次干预，并涵盖所有可能的组合方式，可用于探究修复干预次数对生态系统服务多功能性的影响。研究于2011-2014年的4年间开展观测，以探究4种修复处理及其全部组合对一系列生态系统服务指标的影响，指标涵盖：饲草生产（即干草产量与质量校正干草产量）；碳库与碳固存（即地上生物量、根系生物量、枯落物与土壤碳库、微生物碳含量以及生态系统净交换量（net ecosystem exchange））；植物多样性保护价值（即植物物种丰富度与辛普森多样性指数（Simpson index））；传粉服务（即主要传粉类群的丰度，包括熊蜂、食蚜蝇及其他蝇类）；土壤养分维持能力（即土壤氮含量、微生物氮与磷含量、真菌与细菌生物量）；土壤物理稳定性（即土壤团聚体稳定性与持水能力）；水质调控服务（即土壤氮与磷的淋失量）；美学价值（即花卉丰度与多样性）。对于受季节与年际间生物与非生物条件差异影响显著的生态系统服务指标（如饲草生产、生态系统净交换量、花卉丰度与多样性），我们在野外开展了多次重复测量。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集来自英国Colt Park Meadows的长期草地恢复实验，始于1989年，包含四种恢复处理（无机肥料、农家肥、混合种子、红三叶草种子）及其所有组合，在2011-2014年间测量了饲料生产、碳储存、植物多样性、授粉等多项生态系统服务指标。数据集通过完全因子设计提供了从0到4种干预的梯度，旨在分析恢复干预数量对生态系统服务多功能性的影响，适用于研究草地生态恢复和多功能性评估。