The relevant bacteria of 5/6 nephrectomy mice induced by Bacillus pumilus

Background: Our previous research has identified differences in gut microbiota between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy individuals. We observed that transplanting the gut microbiota from CKD patients into antibiotic-treated mice can induce symptoms similar to those in CKD patients. Bacillus pumilus is an alien microorganism to both humans and mice, capable of altering the community structure. Therefore, we attempted to explore how changes in gut microbiota structure, induced by oral gavage of B. pumilus, affect the progression of CKD. This study aims to identify gut microbes and metabolic pathways associated with CKD, laying the groundwork for future clinical applications.Methods: We constructed sham-operated and 5/6 nephrectomized mice as controls and CKD models, respectively. After 16 weeks of continuous housing, B. pumilus was administered via oral gavage with a normal diet, five days a week, for seven weeks. Mice were then euthanized, and their serum, feces, and kidney and colon tissues were collected for histological examination, 16s rRNA sequencing, rt-PCR, and metabolomic analysis.Results: B. pumilus intervention exacerbated the gut microbial homeostasis in CKD mice and increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, further aggravating kidney damage. 16s rRNA and metabolomic analysis revealed that Parvibacter and Enterorhabdus are probiotics related to kidney function, while Odoribacter is associated with kidney injury. Metabolomic analysis showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism and lysine metabolism were upregulated in CKD model mice, correlating with kidney damage.Conclusion: This study validated that changes in gut microbiota can impact the kidneys through gut metabolism, confirming that the lack of probiotics and the proliferation of harmful bacteria leading to gut microbiota dysbiosis are drivers of CKD progression. Our findings provide a basis for clinical intervention with gut microbes and offer a reference for targeted probiotic therapy.