Determinants of treatment failure and safety profile of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for urolithiasis: A retrospective cohort study

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 941 patients who underwent ESWL for upper tract urolithiasis at a single tertiary care center between January 2018 and May 2023. Treatment success was defined as the absence of fragments >4 mm on follow-up imaging at three months. Demographic, clinical, and stone characteristics were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of stone clearance failure and the requirement for auxiliary interventions.