In recent years, the damage caused by bacterial pathogens to major crops has been increasing worldwide. Pseudomonas syringae is a widespread bacterial species that infects almost all major crops. Diff
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mainly restricted to humans. This species specificity is likely determined at the early phase of the viral life cycle. Since the envelope proteins are the first
aMutation frequencies are based on the analysis of 18,620 nucleotides of the mutant spectrum of R-Ap35 (14 molecular clones) and 19,950 nucleotides for R-Ap60 (15 molecular clones). For each clone the
Orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne emerging viruses known to cause severe diseases in humans but no apparent pathology in their small mammal reservoirs. However, the mechanisms leading to tolerance or
The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is an OIE notifiable pathogen widespread in the Northern Hemisphere that encompasses four genotypes and nine subtypes. In Europe, subtype Ia impairs predo