Alcohol use and misuse among young people: what about abstainers? An exploratory mixed-methods study - Switzerland|青少年健康数据集|饮酒行为数据集

Abstract
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The percentage of adolescents who do not drink alcohol seems to have increased in the Western world in the past years. However, alcohol abstainers are a particularly understudied group, especially in Switzerland. In order to fill in this gap, the objectives of this research were: (1) To describe the characteristics of alcohol abstainers and whether abstinence evolves into alcohol use over time; (2) To assess the reasons why some youths decide not to drink alcohol or, at the most, drink very moderately; and (3) To understand how abstinent youths live their choice, and how they are perceived/treated by their peers. To respond to the research questions, we plan to use an Explanatory Sequential Design: a mixed-methods design implying collecting and analyzing quantitative and then qualitative data in two consecutive phases within one study.

Geographic coverage
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TREE: national / Switzerland

GenerationFRee : Canton of Fribourg

Qualitative part: French-speaking part of Switzerland, mainly canton of Vaud

Analysis unit
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TREE1 : 3347 participants (longitudinal sample, after imputation and weights)

GenerationFRee 1645 participants (longitudinal sample, after imputation and weights)

Qualitative data : 63 participants, including non-consumers and consumers of alcohol, aged between 14 and 20 living in the French-speaking part of Switzerland and fluent in French

Universe
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TREE: young people living in Switzerland who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey of the year 2000 and left compulsory school the same year (mean age 16 years at baseline). The sample was then followed annually.

GenerationFRee: students and apprentices (post-mandatory school) in the canton of Fribourg

Qualitative data: youth aged between 14 and 20 living in the French-speaking part of Switzerland and fluent in French

Kind of data
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Qualitative and quantitative data

For quantitative data, we performed secondary analyses with no data collection.

Data are available on separated deposit:
• TREE1 (original data) : https://doi.org/10.23662/FORS-DS-816-7
• TREE2 (original data) : https://doi.org/10.23662/FORS-DS-1255-1
• GenerationFREE (extract useful for this project) and qualitative data : https://doi.org/10.16909/dataset/37

Quantitative data
GenerationFRee is a longitudinal (4 waves) study carried in all post-mandatory schools in the canton of Fribourg among students and apprentices (aged 15-24 years, mean age of 16 at baseline). We used explanatory variables such as biological sex, age, place of birth, type of residence (rural, urban), family structure, academic track, school performance (self-assessment), relationship with the mother and the father, monthly available money, current tobacco smoking, current cannabis use, physical activity, social life, positive view of the future, family socioeconomic status (self-assessment), somatic health and emotional well-being. For the independent variable, alcohol status, the questions asked were Q1-“Do you drink alcohol?” and Q2-“Have you been drunk in the last 30 days?”. Q1 possible answers were “yes” or “no” and Q2 possible answers were: 1=“never”, 2=“1 to 2 times”, 3=”3 to 9 times”, 4= “10 times or more”.
The categories were defined as:
- Abstinent: answer “no” to Q1
- Light drinkers: Q1=”yes”, Q2=”1” (ever used alcohol but never been drunk)
- Heavy drinkers: Q1=”yes”, Q2=”2”, “3” or “4” (ever used alcohol and been drunk in the last 30 days

The TREE1 cohort is a longitudinal study based on a sample of more than 6000 young people living in Switzerland who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey of the year 2000 and left compulsory school the same year (mean age 16 years at baseline). The sample was followed annually from 2001 to 2007 and additionally in 2010 and 2014 for a total of nine waves. The TREE2 cohort is the second of the TREE cohorts. The design is the same, with a baseline in 2016 (mean age 16 years at baseline) and an annual wave since 2017, with only the first two waves available for analysis at the moment. For the TREE cohorts, the question included in the questionnaire was “How many times have you drank alcohol in the last month?” The possible answers ranged from 1 [Never] to 5 [Every day]. Three categories were defined for the current analysis: • Abstinent (Never); • Light drinkers (1-3 times per month); • Heavy drinkers (weekly or more often).

Qualitative data
The objectives of the qualitative research were to explore how young people define the term ‘abstinence’; to explore their opinions on the Dry January challenge; to assess the reasons why some young people decide not to drink alcohol; to assess the advantages and disadvantages of non-consumption of alcohol; to understand how young non-drinkers live their choice and how they are perceived/treated by their peers; to identify strategies used by non-drinkers to avoid alcohol use while still socializing with their friends. In order to extract the different themes and dimensions raised by the participants, we carried out a thematic content analysis, a method of extracting subjective interpretations and meanings using a process of classification and categorisation of the data

Sampling procedure
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The procedures are indicated on the dataset-specific repositories.

Mode of data collection
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Procedures are available on the relevant dataset-specific pages.

Cleaning operations
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The procedures are indicated on the dataset-specific repositories.

摘要
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近年来，西方国家中不饮酒的青少年比例似乎有所上升。然而，戒酒者这一群体特别缺乏研究，尤其是在瑞士。为了填补这一空白，本研究的目标是：（1）描述戒酒者的特征以及戒酒是否会随着时间的推移转变为饮酒；（2）评估为什么有些年轻人选择不饮酒或最多仅适度饮酒的原因；（3）理解戒酒者如何生活自己的选择，以及他们如何被同龄人所感知和对待。为了回答研究问题，我们计划采用解释性顺序设计：一种混合方法设计，意味着在单一研究中，在两个连续阶段收集和分析定量数据，然后是定性数据。
地理范围
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TREE：全国/瑞士
GenerationFRee：弗里堡州
定性部分：瑞士法语区，主要指沃州。
分析单位
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TREE1：3347名参与者（纵向样本，经过插补和加权后）
GenerationFRee：1645名参与者（纵向样本，经过插补和加权后）
定性数据：63名参与者，包括非饮酒者和饮酒者，年龄在14至20岁之间，居住在瑞士法语区，并能流利使用法语。
总体
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TREE：居住在瑞士、参加了2000年国际学生评估项目（PISA）调查并在同年离开义务教育学校的年轻人（基线平均年龄为16岁）。样本随后每年进行追踪。
GenerationFRee：弗里堡州的在校生和学徒（义务教育后）
定性数据：14至20岁的年轻人，居住在瑞士法语区，并能流利使用法语。
数据类型
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定性和定量数据
定量数据：对于定量数据，我们进行了二次分析，没有进行数据收集。
数据可分别存档：
• TREE1（原始数据）：https://doi.org/10.23662/FORS-DS-816-7
• TREE2（原始数据）：https://doi.org/10.23662/FORS-DS-1255-1
• GenerationFREE（对本项目有用的数据）和定性数据：https://doi.org/10.16909/dataset/37
定量数据：GenerationFRee是一项纵向（4波次）研究，在弗里堡州的全部义务教育后学校中进行，研究对象为在校生和学徒（15-24岁，基线平均年龄为16岁）。我们使用了诸如生物性别、年龄、出生地、居住类型（农村、城市）、家庭结构、学术路径、学校表现（自我评估）、与母亲和父亲的关系、每月可用资金、当前吸烟、当前大麻使用、身体活动、社交生活、对未来的积极看法、家庭社会经济地位（自我评估）、躯体健康和情绪福祉等解释变量。对于自变量酒精状态，问题包括Q1-“你饮酒吗？”和Q2-“在过去30天内你曾醉酒吗？”Q1的可能答案是“是”或“否”，Q2的可能答案是：1=“从未”，2=“1到2次”，3=“3到9次”，4=“10次或更多”。类别定义为：
- 戒酒者：对Q1的回答为“否”；
- 稍微饮酒者：Q1=“是”，Q2=“1”（曾使用酒精但从未醉酒）；
- 重度饮酒者：Q1=“是”，Q2=“2”、“3”或“4”（曾使用酒精并在过去30天内醉酒）。
TREE1队列是基于6000多名居住在瑞士的年轻人的纵向研究样本，这些年轻人参加了2000年的国际学生评估项目（PISA）调查，并在同年离开义务教育学校（基线平均年龄为16岁）。样本从2001年到2007年每年进行追踪，并在2010年和2014年额外进行追踪，总共进行了九个波次。TREE2队列是TREE队列的第二阶段。设计相同，基线在2016年（基线平均年龄为16岁），从2017年开始每年进行一次波次，目前只有前两个波次可用于分析。对于TREE队列，问卷中包含的问题为“在过去一个月内你喝过酒多少次？”可能的答案从1[从未]到5[每天]。当前分析定义了三个类别：• 戒酒者（从未）；• 稍微饮酒者（每月1-3次）；• 重度饮酒者（每周或更频繁）。
定性数据：定性研究的目标是探讨年轻人如何定义‘戒酒’这一术语；探讨他们对‘干一月’挑战的看法；评估为什么有些年轻人决定不饮酒；评估不饮酒的优点和缺点；理解年轻非饮酒者如何生活自己的选择，以及他们如何被同龄人所感知和对待；确定非饮酒者使用的策略，以避免在社交时饮酒。为了提取参与者提出的不同主题和维度，我们进行了主题内容分析，这是一种通过分类和归类数据的过程来提取主观解释和意义的方法。
抽样程序
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抽样程序详见数据集特定存储库。
数据收集方式
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详见相关数据集特定页面。
数据清洗操作
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数据清洗程序详见数据集特定存储库。