Additional file 4: of Gut microbiota-mediated generation of saturated fatty acids elicits inflammation in the liver in murine high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis

Schematic illustration of the substances detected in the metabolomic analysis of the metabolic pathways. (A) Global metabolomic profiling comparing the detectable molecules in the feces among the 3 experimental groups was performed (N = 3 in each group) to determine how different gut bacteria metabolize food. Lipid metabolites in the feces were analyzed using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS), and hydrophilic metabolites were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS). We identified 225 peaks (158 cations and 67 anions) of hydrophobic metabolites by CE-TOFMS, 115 peaks (65 positives and 50 negatives) of hydrophilic metabolites by LC-TOFMS, and 340 candidate compounds (CE-TOFMS 225 and LC-TOFMS 115). These detected peaks were categorized into glycolysis/glyconeogenesis, pentose-phosphate, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, urea cycle, purine-pyrimidine, coenzyme, amino acids, acyl-carnitine, and fatty acid pathways and were included in a pathway map. Pathway mapping shows a quantitative comparison of the molecules in the 3 experimental groups. (B) The 38 selected metabolites that were increased specifically in antibiotics treated group compared to the control or STHD-01 groups. (N = 3 in each group) Among these metabolites, 6 metabolites were detected in STHD-01 + Abx group in high concentration, while these were undetectable in the STHD-01 group. The concentration of 32 metabolites were as >3-fold higher in STHD-01 + Abx group than that in the STHD-01 group. (C) The 78 selected metabolites that were increased specifically in the STHD-01 group compared to the STHD-01 + Abx group. (N = 3 in each group) Among these metabolites, 16 metabolites were detected in the STHD-01 group in high concentration, while these were undetectable in the STHD-01 + Abx group. The concentration of 62 metabolites were as >3-fold higher in the STHD-01 group than that in the STHD-01 + Abx group. (ZIP 552 kb)