The soil samples of a plant-free treatment, a noninvaded native plant community, six single alien species-invaded communities and seven combinations of co-invaded communities, each consisting of three alien species Raw sequence reads

We set up fifteen community treatments: a plant-free treatment, a noninvaded native community, six single alien species-invaded communities and seven combinations of co-invaded communities, each consisting of three alien species (Fig. 2A). We quantified the microbial shaping ability of alien species by examining changes in soil microbial communities during a single invasion relative to non-invaded native community under unsterilized conditions. By comparing the microbial compositions between non-invaded native communities and those invaded by a single invader, we identified key microbial groups that may facilitate single-species invasion. Similarly, by comparing the microbial compositions between native communities invaded by a single invader and those invaded by multiple invaders, we determined the key microbial groups that facilitate co-invasion.