Genotype data from: Restoration of transborder connectivity for Fennoscandian brown bears (Ursus arctos)
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Knowledge about the connectivity among natural populations is essential to identify management units for effective conservation actions. Conservation-minded management has led to the recovery of large carnivore populations in northern Europe, possibly restoring connectivity between the two separated, but expanding brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations on the Scandinavian peninsula to the west and Karelia, a part of the large Eurasian population, to the east. The degree of connectivity between these populations has been poorly understood, therefore we investigated the extent of connectivity between the two populations using autosomal microsatellites and Y chromosome haplotypes in 924 male bears (the dispersing sex), sampled during a period of 12 years (2005-2017) across the transborder area where these two populations meet. Our results showed that the two populations are not genetically isolated as reported in earlier studies. We detected recent asymmetrical gene flow at a rate (individuals per generation) of 4.6-5.5 (1%) from Karelia into Scandinavia, whereas the rate was approximately 27.1-34.5 (8%) in the opposite direction. We estimated historical gene flow of effective number of migrants to be between 1.7 and 2.5 between the populations. Analyses of Y chromosome markers supported these results. Successful recovery and expansion of both populations led to the restoration of connectivity, however, it is asymmetric, possibly due to different recovery histories and population densities. By aligning monitoring between neighboring countries, we were able to better understand the biological processes across the relevant spatial scale.
明晰自然种群间的连通性，是确立有效保护行动所需管理单元的核心前提。秉持保护优先的管理策略，已助力北欧大型食肉动物种群实现恢复，或已重建西部斯堪的纳维亚半岛上两支虽隔离但正处于扩张中的棕熊（Ursus arctos）种群，与隶属于欧亚大陆大型棕熊种群的东部卡累利阿种群之间的连通性。此前学界对这两支种群间的连通程度认知匮乏，故此本研究依托2005至2017年这12年间、在两支种群交汇的跨境区域采集的924只雄性棕熊（该性别为扩散性别）样本，借助常染色体微卫星标记与Y染色体单倍型，探究了二者的连通范围。研究结果显示，两支种群并未如既往研究所称的那样发生遗传隔离。我们检测到近期存在不对称基因流：从卡累利阿种群向斯堪的纳维亚种群的基因流速率（每世代个体数）为4.6~5.5，占比1%；而反向的基因流速率约为27.1~34.5，占比8%。本研究估算得到两支种群间的历史有效迁移者基因流数值介于1.7至2.5之间。Y染色体标记分析佐证了上述研究结论。两支种群的成功恢复与扩张，推动了连通性的重建，但该连通过程呈现不对称特征，这可能与二者不同的恢复历程及种群密度差异相关。通过协调邻国间的监测工作，我们得以在相关空间尺度上更精准地解析相关生物学过程。
