Spatial Morphology Lab 01. International laboratory for comparative research in urban form. Street networks, Sweden - Motorised network of Eskilstuna

GIS-datasets for the Street networks of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Eskilstuna produced as part of the Spatial Morphology Lab (SMoL). The goal of the SMoL project is to develop a strong theory and methodology for urban planning & design research with an analytical approach. Three frequently recurring variables of spatial urban form are studied that together quite well capture and describe the central characteristics and qualities of the built environment: density, diversity and proximity. The first measure describes how intensive a place can be used depending on how much built up area is found there. The second measure captures how differentiated the use of a place can be depending on the division in smaller units such as plots. The third measure describes how accessible a place is depending on how it relates with other places. Empirical studies have shown strong links between these metrics and people's use of cities such as pedestrian movement patterns. To support this goal, a central objective of the project is the establishment of an international platform of GIS data models for comparative studies in spatial urban form comprising three European capitals: London in the UK, Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Stockholm in Sweden, as well as two additional Swedish cities of smaller size than Stockholm: Gothenburg and Eskilstuna. The result of the project is a GIS database for the five cities covering the three basic layers of urban form: street network (motorised and non-motorised), buildings and plots systems. The data is shared via SND to create a research infrastructure that is open to new study initiatives. The datasets for Amsterdam will also be uploaded to SND. The datasets of London cannot be uploaded because of licensing restrictions. The street network GIS-maps include motorised and non-motorised networks. The motorised networks exclude all streets that are pedestrian-only and were cars are excluded. The network layers are based on the Swedish national road database, NVDB (Nationell Vägdatabas), downloaded from Trafikverket (https://lastkajen.trafikverket.se, date of download 15-5-2016, last update 8-11-2015). The original road-centre-line maps of all cities were edited based on the same basic representational principles and were converted into line-segment maps, using the following software: FME, Mapinfo professional and PST (Place Syntax Tool). The coordinate system is SWEREF99TM. In the final line-segment maps (GIS-layers) all roads are represented with one line irrespectively of the number of lanes, except from Motorways and Highways which are represented with two lines, one for each direction, again irrespectively of the number of lanes. We followed the same editing and generalizing procedure for all maps aiming to remove errors and to increase comparability between networks. This process included removing duplicate and isolated lines, snapping and generalizing. The snapping threshold used was 2m (end points closer than 2m were snapped together). The generalizing threshold used was 1m (successive line segments with angular deviation less than 1m were merged into one). In the final editing step, all road polylines were segmented to their constituting line-segments. The aim was to create appropriate line-segment maps to be analysed using Angular Segment Analysis, a network centrality analysis method introduced in Space Syntax. All network layers are complemented with an “Unlink points” layer; a GIS point layer with the locations of all non-level intersections, such as overpasses and underpasses, bridges, tunnels, flyovers and the like. The Unlink point layer is necessary to conduct network analysis that takes into account the non-planarity of the street network, using such software as PST (Place Syntax Tool).斯德哥尔摩、哥德堡及埃斯基尔斯蒂纳的街道网络地理信息系统（GIS）数据集，由空间形态实验室（Spatial Morphology Lab, SMoL）项目研发产出。 该空间形态实验室项目的核心目标，是依托分析性研究方法，构建适用于城市规划与设计研究的严谨理论体系与方法论框架。项目聚焦三类反复出现的空间城市形态变量，三者可较为全面地刻画并描述建成环境的核心特征与属性：密度、多样性与可达性。 第一项指标衡量某一地块的开发强度，依据为该区域内的建成面积规模；第二项指标反映地块细分（如地块单元划分）所带来的用地功能差异化程度；第三项指标则表征某一区域与其他区域的关联程度，以此衡量其可达性水平。经验研究表明，上述三类指标与城市使用行为（如行人移动模式）之间存在显著关联。 为支撑该项目目标，其核心任务之一是搭建面向空间城市形态比较研究的地理信息系统数据模型国际共享平台，涵盖三座欧洲首都城市：英国伦敦、荷兰阿姆斯特丹与瑞典斯德哥尔摩，以及两座规模小于斯德哥尔摩的瑞典城市：哥德堡与埃斯基尔斯蒂纳。 项目最终产出了覆盖上述五座城市的地理信息系统数据库，包含三类核心城市形态图层：街道网络（含机动车与非机动车两类）、建筑与地块系统。 本数据集通过SND共享，以打造面向各类新增研究项目的开放型研究基础设施。阿姆斯特丹的数据集也将上传至SND平台；而伦敦的数据集因授权限制无法公开上传。 街道网络地理信息系统地图涵盖机动车与非机动车两类网络。其中机动车网络不含所有步行街及其他禁止机动车通行的道路。本网络图层基于瑞典国家道路数据库（Nationell Vägdatabas, NVDB）构建，数据从瑞典交通管理局（Trafikverket）下载（下载链接：https://lastkajen.trafikverket.se，下载日期：2016年5月15日，数据最新更新日期：2015年11月8日）。所有城市的原始道路中心线地图均遵循统一的基础表达规范进行编辑，并通过FME、MapInfo Professional及PST（Place Syntax Tool，空间句法工具）三款软件转换为线段地图。数据采用的坐标系为SWEREF99TM。 在最终的线段地图（GIS图层）中，除高速公路与快速路外，所有道路均以单条线段表示，与车道数量无关；高速公路与快速路则以双线段分别表示双向车流，同样不考虑车道数量。所有地图均采用统一的编辑与概括化处理流程，以消除数据错误并提升不同网络间的可比性。该处理流程包含移除重复与孤立线段、节点匹配以及概括化操作。本次处理采用的节点匹配阈值为2米（即间距小于2米的端点将被合并），概括化阈值为1米（即角度偏差小于1米的连续线段将被合并为单一线段）。 在最终编辑环节，所有道路多段线均被拆分为其组成的单一线段，目的是生成适配角度线段分析（Angular Segment Analysis）的线段地图——该方法是空间句法（Space Syntax）提出的一种网络中心性分析手段。 所有网络图层均配套有"非连接点（Unlink points）"图层：该GIS点图层标注了所有非平面交叉口的位置，包括立交桥、下穿隧道、桥梁、涵洞、高架路等各类设施。借助PST（Place Syntax Tool，空间句法工具）等软件开展考虑街道网络非平面特性的网络分析时，该非连接点图层是必不可少的。