Supplementary Table S1: Patient-reported factors associated with degree of pain medication dependence and presence of severe dependence among spinal outpatients

Abstract Aims: To identify risk factors for pain medication dependence. Methods: Chronic spinal pain outpatients (n=106) completed the Leeds Dependence. Questionnaire (LDQ) and measures of potential risk factors. Participants with high (n=3) and low (n=3) dependence were interviewed. Results: Mean LDQ score was 11.52 (SD 7.35) and 15/106 participants (14.2%) were severely dependent (LDQ ≥20). In linear regression, pain intensity (β=0.313, p Conclusions: Interventions to reduce pain intensity and pain-related disability may reduce pain medication dependence.