FA supplementation during gestational development and post-weaning period modifies behavior.

Ultrasonic vocalizations (panels A–C). Juvenile mice were recorded for 5 min upon separation from their dams. There were no differences between the sexes in any of these measures. A) The mice exposed to FA at 4 mg/kg weighed more on P4 and P6 than the 0.4 mg/kg-exposed mice. B) The mice exposed to FA at 4 mg/kg made longer calls on P2, but not on P4 and P6. C) The mice exposed to FA at 4 mg/kg made significantly more calls than the 0.4 mg/kg group. D) Trace fear conditioning. FA did not affect learning and memory in mice. The graph presents the group averages for the percentage of time spent freezing from the different stages of the experiment. The 4 mg/kg group froze less after the tone ended during the cued fear conditioning (0.4 mg/kg n = 16; 4 mg/kg n = 16). Open field. E) The 4 mg/kg males travelled the longest distance in each 3 min bin across the 15 min compared to the other sexes and treatment groups. The 0.4 mg/kg males travelled the least distance at the beginning of the test and became less mobile as the test progressed. Both the 0.4 and 4 mg/kg females were more active at the beginning and spent more time immobile later in the test period. a: significantly (PPF) The total distance travelled by the 4 mg/kg males over the entire 15 min was significantly greater than the 0.4 and 4 mg/kg females, but not the 0.4 mg/kg males (0.4 mg/kg, males n = 6; females n = 9; 4 mg/kg, males n = 11, females n = 9). G) Overall time immobile differed across the experiment. The 4 mg/kg males spent significantly less time immobile during the first two time bins compared to the 0.4 mg/kg males. There were no differences between the female FA groups. H) There were no effects of FA or time bin on percent center time; however, the 0.4 mg/kg females spent a significantly greater percentage of time in the center compared to the 0.4 mg/kg males in the second and third time bins. Open field asterisks denote significant differences from the alow versus high FA groups, and between bmales versus females. For all graphs: *PPP