Data and code for nonlinear effects and multi-objective optimisation of traditional courtyard morphology in Lhasa

This dataset accompanies the manuscript entitled “Nonlinear effects and multi-objective optimisation of traditional courtyard morphology on building energy use and winter indoor–outdoor thermal environments in Lhasa”. The study hypothesised that courtyard morphological parameters exert nonlinear and differentiated effects on building energy use, indoor cold discomfort, and courtyard outdoor cold stress, resulting in both synergies and trade-offs among these performance objectives. The ranges of the morphological variables were determined from field surveys of 33 courtyards in the historic Barkhor district, relevant planning constraints, and building-design standards. A field-validated parametric building-performance simulation workflow was then used to generate the dataset. Latin hypercube sampling produced 250 continuous morphological configurations, each of which was combined with four courtyard opening-orientation variants, resulting in 1,000 simulation cases. The CSV file contains seven input variables: courtyard length-to-width ratio (L/W), courtyard depth (D), perimeter-to-height ratio (P/H), south-facing window-to-wall ratio [WWR(S)], courtyard orientation (θ), enclosure degree (ED), and opening-orientation code (OP_code). The three outputs are annual building energy use intensity (EUI_annual, kWh/(m²·year)), winter indoor operative-temperature cold-discomfort degree-hours (OT_CDH_winter, °C·h), and winter courtyard UTCI cold-discomfort degree-hours (UTCI_CDH_winter, °C·h). Lower output values indicate better performance. The data reveal nonlinear responses and objective-specific effects. In particular, increasing enclosure degree generally reduced annual energy use and indoor cold discomfort but could increase outdoor cold discomfort, indicating a trade-off between indoor and outdoor performance. Courtyard depth and window-to-wall ratio also exhibited performance-dependent effects, while opening orientation influenced the distribution of the optimised solutions. The multi-objective results indicate that no single courtyard configuration simultaneously minimises all three outputs; therefore, the Pareto-optimal solutions should be interpreted as alternative design options reflecting different performance priorities rather than as one universally optimal form. The accompanying Jupyter Notebook contains the code used for BO-XGBoost modelling, sample-size adequacy analysis, SHAP-based interpretation, and NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation. The files can be used to examine nonlinear parameter–performance relationships, reproduce the reported analyses, compare courtyard configurations, and support performance-oriented courtyard renewal under comparable climatic and modelling assumptions.本数据集配套于题为《拉萨传统院落形态对建筑能耗与冬季室内外热环境的非线性效应及多目标优化》的研究手稿。本研究提出假设：院落形态参数对建筑能耗、室内冷不舒适度以及院落室外冷应激存在非线性且差异化的影响，进而在上述三项性能目标间同时存在协同效应与权衡关系。 形态变量的取值范围基于对八廓历史街区33处院落的实地调研、相关规划约束条件以及建筑设计标准确定。随后采用经现场验证的参数化建筑性能模拟流程生成本数据集。通过拉丁超立方抽样（Latin hypercube sampling）生成250组连续形态构型，每组均结合4种院落开口朝向变体，最终得到1000组模拟案例。 该CSV文件包含7项输入变量：院落长宽比（courtyard length-to-width ratio, L/W）、院落进深（D）、周长高比（perimeter-to-height ratio, P/H）、南向窗墙比[WWR(S)]、院落朝向（θ）、围合度（enclosure degree, ED）以及开口朝向编码（OP_code）。三项输出指标分别为：年度建筑能耗强度（annual building energy use intensity, EUI_annual，单位：kWh/(m²·年)）、冬季室内操作温度冷不舒适度小时数（winter indoor operative-temperature cold-discomfort degree-hours, OT_CDH_winter，单位：°C·h）以及冬季院落通用热气候指数（Universal Thermal Climate Index, UTCI）冷不舒适度小时数（UTCI_CDH_winter，单位：°C·h）。输出指标数值越低代表性能越优异。 本数据集揭示了非线性响应与目标特异性效应。具体而言，提升围合度通常可降低年度建筑能耗与室内冷不舒适度，但可能加剧室外冷应激，这表明室内与室外性能间存在权衡关系。院落进深与窗墙比同样表现出依赖于性能目标的效应，而开口朝向则影响优化解的分布。多目标优化结果表明，不存在可同时最小化三项输出指标的单一院落构型；因此，帕累托最优解（Pareto-optimal solutions）应被视为反映不同性能优先级的替代设计方案，而非普适最优的建筑形式。 配套的Jupyter Notebook包含了用于BO-XGBoost建模、样本量充足性分析、基于SHAP（SHapley Additive exPlanations）的可解释性分析以及NSGA-II（Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II）多目标优化的代码。这些文件可用于探究参数与性能间的非线性关系、复现已报道的分析过程、对比不同院落构型，并在相似气候与建模假设下支撑面向性能优化的院落更新设计。