The overall performance of the four models on all variables in the test set with Receiver Operator Characteristics Area Under the Curve (ROC_AUC) values as the metric.

The general model was trained on a general surgery patient cohort, the transfer learning model was trained on the general surgery patient cohort and transferred to a PD-specific patient cohort, the direct model, and the Random Forest model (RF) was trained exclusively on the PD-specific patient cohort.